Summary: Laboratory Animal Course (Art. 9)

Read the summary and the most important questions on Laboratory Animal Course (art. 9)

• 1 Organisation of the Body

• 1.2 Directional terms

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• What does the term proximal and distal refer to?

  
  Proximal Closer to the body than (shoulder is proximal to the elbow)
  Distal Further from the body than (ankle is distal to the knee)
  (both only used for structures on limbs: arms and legs).

• What does the term deep and superficial refer to?

  Deep Further from the surface of the body (brain is deep to the skull)
  Superficial Closer to the surface of the body (skin is superficial to the bones

• What does medial and lateral refer to?

  Medial Nearer to the midline than (Blatter is medial to the hips
  Lateral Further from the midline than (ribs are lateral to the lungs)

• What does cranial (cephalic) and caudal refer to?

  Cranial (rostral or cephalic) Nearer to the skull than (diaphragm is cranial to the stomach)
  Caudal Nearer to the tail than (ribs are caudal to the neck) 
  
  (The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism.)

• What does anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) refer to?

  Anterior (ventral) Nearer the belly of the animal than (breastbone is ventral to the heart)
  Posterior (dorsal) Nearer the back of the animal than (backbone is dorsal to the belly)

• What does central and peripheral nervous system refer to?

  Central Includes two organs, your brain and spinal cord
  Peripheral Is everything else and includes never that travel from your spinal cord and brain to supply your face and the rest of your body (peripheral is greek for around or outside the center)

• 1.4 Difference between physiology and anatomy

• What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

  Anatomy Study of body parts and structures (Standard anatomical terms of location to describe the anatomy of animals or humans)
  
  
  Physiology Scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system 

• 2 Skin (integument)

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• What are the different function of the skin?

  • Maintaining homeostasis in the body 
    
  • Control of body temperature
  • Protects the body from physical damage and bacterial invasion

• 2.1 General structure of the skin

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• What are the three distinct layers of the skin?

  • Epidermis (top layer)

  • Dermis (bottom layer)
  • Subcutaneous tissues

• Which of the following happens to epidermal cells as they move up to the surface of the skin?Keratin is deposited in them / they become flattened and scale-like / they die / they become thicker / they become more active / they are shed from the surface / fat is deposited in them / they grow hairs

  • Keratin is deposited in them
    
  • They become flattened and scale-like
    
  • They die
    
  • They are shed from the surface