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Motor system - Skeleton

Q: How are the four limbs joined to the spine?

By a flat, broad bone called girdle and consists of one long upper bone, two long lower bones several smaller bones in the wrist or ankle and five digits

Q: Name the different region of the vertebral column.

Cervical vertebrae with the two top ones, the atlas and axis , being specialised to support the head and allow it to nod yes or shake no. Thoracic vertebrae in the chest region have special surface against which the ribs move during breathing. Lumbar vertebrae in the loin region are usually large strong vertebrate with prominent spines for the attachment of the large muscles of the lower back. Sacral vertebrae are usually fused into one solid bone called the sacrum that sits within the pelvic griddle Coccygeal vertebrae are a small bones in the tail

Q: What is at the base of the cranium, called foramen magnum?

It translates as 'big hole' through which the spinal cord passes

Q: How many condyles do reptiles have? Humans?

Reptiles have only one occipital condyle. Humans have two occipital condyles.

Q: How are joints at the elbow, knee, fingers and axis vertebra on the atlas vertebrae called? What moment do they allow?

Hinge joints allow movement in two dimensions the axis vertebrae pivots on the atlas vertebra.

Q: What are the joints at the shoulder and hips called? What special about them?

Ball and socket joints, allow greatest range of movement

35 important questions on Motor system - Skeleton

How are the four limbs joined to the spine?

By a flat, broad bone called girdle and consists of one long upper bone, two long lower bones several smaller bones in the wrist or ankle and five digits

Where is the structure of a vertebrae? Add the labels to the diagram of the vertebra shown below
spinous process
transverse process
canal for spinal cord
body of vertebra

Each vertebra consists of a ring of bone with spines (spinous process) protruding dorsally from it. The spinal cord passes through the hole in the middle and muscles attach to the spines making movement of the body possible

Name the different region of the vertebral column.

Cervical vertebrae with the two top ones, the atlas and axis, being specialised to support the head and allow it to nod yes or shake no.
Thoracic vertebrae in the chest region have special surface against which the ribs move during breathing.
Lumbar vertebrae in the loin region are usually large strong vertebrate with prominent spines for the attachment of the large muscles of the lower back.
Sacral vertebrae are usually fused into one solid bone called the sacrum that sits within the pelvic griddle
Coccygeal vertebrae are a small bones in the tail

Out of how many separate bones does the skull consist of?

What is the function of the skull?

Protects the brain and sense organs (eye, ear, nose, mouth)

How is the eye socket called?

orbits

How can the lower jaw be called?

Mandible, forms a joint with the skull moves by strong muscles that allow an animal to chew

How is the front of the skull, where the nasal cavity is, separated from the mouth by a plate of bone called?

Palate

What is at the base of the cranium, called foramen magnum?

It translates as "big hole" through which the spinal cord passes

How many condyles do reptiles have? Humans?

Reptiles have only one occipital condyle.
Humans have two occipital condyles.

To which vertebrae are paired ribs attached?

To the thoracic vertebrae (dorsally)
To the sternum (ventrally)

What is the function of the ribs?

To protect the heart and lungs

How is the "to and from" moment called in a joint (ex: between ankle and wrist bone)

Gliding movement

How are joints at the elbow, knee, fingers and axis vertebra on the atlas vertebrae called? What moment do they allow?

Hinge joints allow movement in two dimensions the axis vertebrae pivots on the atlas vertebra.

What are the joints at the shoulder and hips called? What special about them?

Ball and socket joints, allow greatest range of movement

How is the joint between the femur and the tibia on the hind leg called in animals (knee in humans)?

Stifle

How is the "human" ankle joint (tarsals and metacarpals ) called in animals?

Hock

How is "human" knuckle joint (between metacarpals and phalanges) called in animals?

Fetlock

To what is the "knee" on horse equivalent to in humans?

To our wrist

Describe plantigrade locomotion

Plantigrade locomotion (on the "palms" of the hand) as in humans and bears

Describe unguligrade locomotion

Unguligrade locomotion (on the “fingernails”) as in horses

Describe digitigrade locomotion

Digitigrade locomotion (on the “fingers”) as in cats and dogs

Cross out the statement(s) that are NOT true.
The skeleton:
supports and protects the organs of the body
provides a means of locomotion
grows throughout the life of the animal
helps keep the level of calcium ions in the body constant
develops from the cartilage laid down in the fetus

Not true: Grows throughout the life of the animal

How are the ribs called which is not attached ventrally?

Floating ribs

What is the keel? (ribs)

The keel is a large expanded sternum in birds to which the flight muscles are attached

What does the forelimb consist of?

Humerus (moves against the scapula at the shoulder joint), ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, digits or phalanges

What does the hindlimb consist of?

Femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, digits or phalanges

What are girdles? Name the two different categories:

Girdles is a flat, broad bone.

Shoulder girdle or scapula is a triangle of bone surrounded by the muscles of the back but not connected directly to the spine. The clavicle connects the shoulder girdle to the sternum
Pelvic girdle or hipbone attaches the sacrum and the hinder legs

What is visceral bone?

Visceral bone develop in the soft tissue of the penis of the dog and the cow's heart

What do you see when you cut a long bone lengthways?

A hallow cylinder

What is the compact bone composed of?

Compact bone is also composed of microscopic hallow cyclinders that run parallel to each other aloneg the length of the bone. Each of these cylinder is called Haversian system, where blood vessels and nerves run along the central canal of each Haversian system.

What does Haversian system consist of?

Concentric rings of bone material (matrix) with minute spaces in it that hold the bone cells.

hard matrix contains crystals of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and magnesium salts with collagen fibers (make bone stronger and somewhat flexible)

What is the spongy bone consist of?

An irregular lattice that looks like an old fashioned loofah sponge, found on the ends of long bones. The spaces contain red marrow, which is where red blood cells are made and stored.

How does bone grow?

The skeleton starts off in the foetus as either cartilage or fibrous connective tissue, which is gradually replaced by bone over time.

Where does the long bones increase in length ?

At the ends at an area known as the epiphyseal plate, where new cartilage is laid down and then gradually converted to bone

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Laboratory Animal Course (art. 9)

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