Language and the Brain - The Brain in Real-Time Action

13 important questions on Language and the Brain - The Brain in Real-Time Action

What are the signalling neurons called that occur when electrically charged particles move across a neuron's membrane?


They are called "ions". Neurons communicate with each other through electrical signalling. 

How did scientists choose to measure the action potentials cells of individual cells?

Electroencephalography (EEG) uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the changes in the electrical voltage that result from the release of neurotransmitters over large number of neurons

What is the output of the EEG method?

Line graphs, that are pretty difficult to read and can't decode all  the waveforms yet but with certain signature waveforms that show up consistently in response to stimuli. Time looked waveforms of a stimulus are called event-related potentials (ERP's)
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What is the negative peak for EEG?

N400, the lines are up. Usually shows up with unexpected words in a sentence or word order. It also occurs with non-linguistic stimuli (e.g. Faces, environmental sounds)

What is the positive peak for EEG?

N600, after stimulus onset. Occurs when unexpected syntactic structure is encountered. This can be a clear sytactic violation:
the child throw the toys on the floor
but also structures that are correct but unusual
the witness examined by the lawyer turned out to unreliable
thought to reflect/updating repair of existing mental structure
Also, it does not have to be language specific.

What are the strenghts of EEG?

precise information about timing of linguistic processes in the brain
                - we need this because language processing is fast and occurs at small timescales
no overt response required (similar for fMRI): participants can read or listen to stimuli or less as normal, without having to press buttons, verbalize their thoughts and so on

What are the limitations of EEG?

imprecise localization: we only measure electric potentials at the scalp, not knowing from where in the brain exactly they originate.
- experiments require many trials of the same/similar stimuli to achieve a clear signal: the waveforms from single trials look almost random

What is dichotic listening, that is used for lateralization of language function?

Different sounds plays into the right and left ear simultaneously just say the word that you hear most clearly. The right ear has an advantage -->left hemisphere


What parts of language processing are performed by the right hemisphere?

generating inferences during discourse comprehension
(e.g. stella went riding her bike. The next day she was covered in bruises)
processing non-literal meaning (e.g. a warm person, my job is a jail)
processing the paralinguistic meaning of prosody (emotion, emphasis, sarcasm, etc.)

What does the declarative memory: ventral stream regulate?

declarative memory: ventral stream
                - knowledge about ‘what’
                - important for accessing word meanings

What does the procedural memory: dorsary stream regulate?

procedural memory: dorsary stream
                - knowledge about ‘how’
                - important for processing sounds, articulation, word  repetition.

From what do people with amusia suffer from?

Not making sense out of music (but not language), all the sounds sound the same.

Do people who have aphasia or other language disorders also have trouble with making sense out of music?

No, not necessarily. This can be explained by the auditory verbal agnosia which is also known as word deafness. Language and music abilities are separate.

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