Metabolism: basic concepts and design - Carrier of electrons
5 important questions on Metabolism: basic concepts and design - Carrier of electrons
What is the difference between NAD+/NADP+ and FAD (all oxidized form)?
- water-soluble co-enzyme (move around, not attached to a molecule)
FAD
- tightly bound co-enzyme
What doe NADH/NADPH do? What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+ (all oxidised form)? And in reduced form?
NAD+
- R=H
NADP+
- R=PO3^-2
Transfer of electrons to NAD+ and NADP+
- the nicotinamide ring always accepts one hydrogen ion (H+, proton) and 2 electrons = to a hydride ion (H-)
- Transfer of H- reduces the carrier to form NADH and NADPH, in addition a second H+ is split off and appears in the solvent
NADH
- oxidative phosphorylation
NADPH
- reductive biosynthesis
Which are the enzymes that catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions?
- Oxidase (transfer of only electrons)
- Cytochrom c oxidase, last enzyme of the respiratory chain
- transfers electrons to molecular oxygen (O2), which is reduced to water
- Oxygenase
- Dehydrogenase (transfer of hydrogen atoms or oxidate decarboxylation)
- transports both electrons and hydrogen ions
- lactase dehydrogenase
- Reductase
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Where is oxidase used and what does it do?
- Cytochrom c oxidase is the last emzyme of the repiratory chain
- transfers electrons to molecular oxygen (O-O, 2) , which is reduced to water
- 3 intermediates are called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Hydroxyl radical 1e- on OH = most reactive and causes destruction of biomolecules
Where is dehydrogenase used and what does it do?
- transfer of hydrogen atoms
- transports both electrons and hydrogen ions
- lactose dehydrogenase: lactate to pyruvate
- if high levels of NADH, inhibits oxidation of
lactate to pyruvate in liver but reduction of pyruvate to lactate
- 2 consequences: Hypoglycemia and lactate acidosis
- oxidate carboxylation (in citric cycle)
- 2 simple oxidation reaction, catalyzed by
- Succinate dehydrogenase
- Malate dehydrogenase
- 2 oxidative decarboxylations, catalyzed by
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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