Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) - Regulation of Glycose: muscle vs liver - Regulation of glycolysis in liver

4 important questions on Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) - Regulation of Glycose: muscle vs liver - Regulation of glycolysis in liver

What is the regulation of glycolysis in liver?

Hexokinase 4 (glucokinase)
  • low affinity for glucose (high Km)
  • NO product inhibition

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1)
  • ATP regulation as in Muscle
  • No effect of lactate/low pH
  • Citrate inhibits (enhances the effect of ATP)

What is Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F 2,6-BP) and what does it do?

F-2,6-BP activates PFK1

  • F-2,6-BP is a metabolite that regulates the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis balance in the liver.
  • F-2,6-BP is produced by PFK2 and dephosphorylated by FBPase2.

What induces phosphorylation and inactivation of liver pyruvate kinase?

Glucagon (hormone of hunger), because you want to stop the use of glucose as ATP source when you have low levels of glucose in the blood! And that also means that you just made ATP and Alanine, which inhibit pyruvate kinase by phosphorylation (when have enough ATP, you don't need to make more!)   

When there is a high levels of glucose, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is produces (glycolysis), which stimulates glucose to pyruvate production.
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Which metabolic pathway is only occurring in the liver? Explain the pathway

Fructose metabolism
  • Fructokinase is only expressed in liver


  1. Fructose to Fructose 1-phosphate
  2. Fructose 1-phosphate to Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
    • Glyceraldehyde to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)
  3. make together pyruvate

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