Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) - Glycolysis
10 important questions on Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) - Glycolysis
What is glycolysis? What is the pathway of it?
- Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ > 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
Main steps:
- Glucose to Glucose 6-phosphate
- Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate
- Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose 1,6-phosphate to Triose phosphate
- Triose phosphate to Phosphoenolypruvate
- Phosphoenolypruvate to Pyruvate
What needs to happen before the glycolysis can start?
- by GLUT1 (sodium glucose linked transporter)
- passive transporters (family of glucose transporters)
What are the different families of glucose transporters? Where are they located? What is there function?
- GLUT1
- all mammalian tissues (glucose uptake)
- red blood cells
- GLUT2
- liver (removes excess glucose from blood) and pancreatic beta cells (regulation of insuline)
- GLUT3
- all mammalian tissues (glucose uptake)
- Brain / neurons
- GLUT4
- muscle and fat cells (glucose amount in muscle plasma membrane)
- GLUT5
- small intestine (fructose transporter)
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What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?
Investment: 2 ATP used
- Splitting: formation of C-3 intermediates
- production: 2x2=4 ATP + 2 NADH produced
What is product inhibition?
- Glucose 6-phosphate -> hexokinase (except in liver)
Which are the two distinct hexokinases (iso-enzymes)?
- Muscle and brain
- low Km (higher enzyme affinity)
- Product inhibition by Glucose 6-phosphate
Hexokinase 4 (glucokinase)
- liver
- high Km
- Not inhibited by Glucose 6-phosphate
What happens while glycolysis in the stage 1, the investment?
- Glucose to Glucose 6-phosphate Hexokinase
- Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphoglucose isomerase
- Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Phosphofructokinase
What happens while glycolysis in stage 2, the splitting?
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (C6) is split into two C3 molecules Aldolase
- fast conversation of DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) to GAP (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) TIM (Triose phosphate isomerase)
What is the anaerobic glycolysis?
Which enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose (Step 1 glycolysis)?
Hexokinase
- Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P)
- At high concentration G-6P inhibits hexokinase activity (product-inhibition)
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