Cyberterrorism - TERRORISM
8 important questions on Cyberterrorism - TERRORISM
What is the historical context surrounding terrorism
What is the main challenge surrounding terrorism?
Currently, United Nations don’t have a Convention on terrorism because some States don’t think that terrorism can be made by States, classifying those actions as “war actions”. But we know that sometime States are involved in it. NB in EU we have a Directive of 2017 on combatting terrorism.
What are the four waves of terrorism?
2. Anti-Colonial wave 1920-1970
3. Revolutionary wave 1970-1980
4. Religious wave 1990-now
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What is the overview, distinctive feature, communication strategy and evolution of the anarchism wave from 1890-1920?
- This wave aimed to abolish government structures and distribute power evenly. Tactics involved targeting specific individuals in the political structure, exemplified by the assassination of Czar Alexander II in Russia (1881).
- Emphasis on avoiding collateral damage; weapons used targeted specific individuals.
- Advocated "Propaganda by deed" to communicate ideas, with terrorist strength rooted in community support.
- In contrast to current terrorism principles, the goal was not to destroy political structures but to instil fear or terror.
What is the overview, political motivation, communication strategy and debate sparked of the anti-colonial wave of 1920-1970?
- Emerged after WW1 and during/after WW2, focused on ending empires and colonialism in Africa and Asia.
- Violence aimed at achieving independence for territories and the fall of empires (e.g., Mozambique).
- Introduced the debate of freedom fighters vs terrorism, where the same action could be viewed differently based on perspective.
- Marked the start of using mass media to justify actions and gain support, engaging in a battle on the media arena.
What is the overview, notable event and the geographical focus of the Revolutionary wave of 1970-1980?
- Golden age of terrorism in Western Europe, with a surge in actions and victims.
- Notable incidents, such as the Munich massacre (1978), where 11 Israeli athletes were killed, were broadcasted live on TV.
- Predominantly Western Europe during this period.
What is the overview, shift in tactics, and the initiation of the Religious wave of 1990-till now?
- Primarily involves Muslim groups seeking to impose their religion and conquer territories.
- Notably different from previous waves, as it involves indiscriminate and mass death to spread fear.
- Connected with the Iranian revolution, the beginning of the Islamic century, and the invasion of Afghanistan.
What is the impact of terrorism on our fundamental rights?
- Observation: Terrorism has been used to justify limitations on fundamental rights.
- Paradox: Restricting fundamental rights may inadvertently contribute to the growth of terrorist groups.
- Example: The banishment of Burkini in France, considered by some as a form of discrimination, has potentially increased support for such terrorist groups.
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