Learning Cognition and Perception
70 important questions on Learning Cognition and Perception
Stimuli crossing the corpus callosum is...
Nerve cells in the right hemisphere and those in the left hemisphere connected by 2 million nerve fibers
Variations in pitch distinguish different words:
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For speakers of tone languages, tone/pitch contours are...
For speakers of non-tone languages, tones are...
The study of our knowledge of the "sound system" in a language:
The study of the physiology and physics involved in the production and perception of speech sounds:
What is used to specify how some words may be formed by combining more than one unit and would allow us to find out what internal structure some complex words may have?
T/F: Some words can be broken down into smaller units of grammatic information
The smallest linguistic units that can bear meanings of grammatical functions
Can freely appear by itself; can be an independent word (ex: happy)
Can not be an independent word; must be attached to another morpheme (ex: um, ness, ly)
A morpheme around which poly-morphemic words are built
Affix at the beginning of a word
Affix inside of a word
The process of adding an affix:
May add substantial meaning to a word/linguistic ex: read>>>reader; now its a person not a verb
Adds grammatical information only ex: hat-s, dish-es
The study of our knowledge of phrase and sentence structure
When a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type ex: mary loves tom.....tom wonders s1......bill thinks 2s
How our knowledge of the world affects semantic interpretations
What do we need to know for successful interpretation?
What two different types of meanings may linguistic expressions have?
The way entities are picked our or described/ concepts
Using an anaphora/pronoun or using an expression whose interpretation depends on another expression:
_____ physically and psychologically characterizes all of the speech sounds that appear in the languages of the world
What are the three ways to characterized the sound waves used in linguistic communication?
How our vocal organs produce linguistic sounds
How our auditory organs perceive linguistic sounds
How machines measure linguistic sound waves
Have only one noise source
Produced solely by vocal cord vibrations
T/f sonorants/resonants are always voiced unless whispered
What is each vowel characterized by in the oral cavity?
What is the most relaxed position of the tongue placed?
T/f tense vowels require low muscular effort/tension
Lip rounding produces rounded sounds from where in the oral cavity?
Can have 2 different noise sources
Produced by obstruction and release of airstream in the vocal tract
Where the obstruction of airstream takes place in the oral cavity region
How the obstruction of airstream ismade
Airstream in the oral tract is stopped, but air passes through the nasal tract
2 muscular folds located in the pipe shaped bone called the larynx/voicebox
Space between lungs where vocal cords vibrate when the air passes through
T/f all consonants are voiced
Two types of vocal cord vibration:
2. vibration of small edges of the vocal cords
The rate of vibration is the number of glottal opennings per second
The higher the fundamental frequency,
Ambiguity cause by structural difference in the senstence
The study of our knowledge about he relation between linguistic meaning and our knowledge of the world
Meanings of sentences are determined linguistically in which types of sentences?
Meanings of these sentences are determined linguistically and pragmatically
What are the two functions of birdsong?
Unspecialized acts of structures that have not been modified by selection for communication
Signals that are in the repertoire of most members of a population and can be easily performed
Signals with hancicaping costs
Argues that the cost will increase the effectiveness of the signal in regards to attracting mates
Have no intrinsic cost in producing the sound but this signal is regulated by social accords and the responses of signal recipients
Signals intensity is on a continuum
Directly reflecting a specific quality of the signaler due to their intensity being inextricably tied to the quality being signaled
Cost paid by the signaler and not the receiver
Depends on the actions of not only the signaler but also the receiver
Intrinsic costs associated w/ signal transmission like making the signal and its information clearly received
Costs external to transmission that are needed to ensure signal honesty and reliability (handicaps)
The process in which cues are adapted into displays
Focuses on how signal evolution depends on the development of cognitive mechanisms to aid signal recipients in processing signals
Focuses on natural selections effect on signal information provided to recipients
Focuses on how that information is transmitted and designed to get to the receiver
Multimodal signals are made up of components whose implementation provides redundant information
Components may provide nonredundant information, which would benefit a receiver by providing information about different qulaities of signaler condition
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