Memory and Reality & Autobiographical memory
19 important questions on Memory and Reality & Autobiographical memory
What is memory source monitoring & how does it help?
Helps judge the memories reliability
What are the criteria to judge the reliability of a memory?
- Contextual information
- Semantic detail
- Affective information
- Cognitive operations (own thoughts)
What is the False Fame Effect? (Jacoby)
- Only because of the feeling of familiarity (they've seen them before)
- They do not make this connection: Lapse of source memory
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What is the False Memory effect? Which factors contribute to this?
Factors- More associations (words): More chance of false memory
- Worse the recall: better chance of false memory
What is the Experiment of Elizabeth Loftus 'Lost in mall'? What were its findings?
Subjects remembered the fabricated memory
- 25% detailed report from false memory
- Memory is illusion (never happened)
- Subjects are truthful and sees it in the minds eye
What increases the creation of false memories? Where is this used?
- Repeated questioning
- Imagining something could've happened
- Hypnosis
False memories often used in therapy: Clinical reasons to do all these things --> But you're creating false memories
Is it possible to not be able to remember traumatic experiences? Can these memories come back?
Sexual trauma (incl painful treatment): Evidence for real amnesia
Memories can 'recover': Mostly spontaneously (not therapeutic) --> True recovery of memories can occur but is very rare
What did Schooler, Bendiksen & Ambadar find in their 4 cases of recovered memories?
- Great shock & emotion
Never full absent: Friends reported talks (but not the huge emotion)
How can you create false recovered memories?
- Therapeutic setting: Hypnosis, Repeated imaging & Repeated fantasies of misinformation
What is true about 'True recovery of memories'?
- Alot of memory mechanisms lead to distortion (so is it really recovered?)
What is a flashbulb memory? (according to Brown & Kulik's original hypothesis)
- Arise with extreme emotional events
- Full & Accurate memory
- Memory is not forgotten anymore
(Not correct)
What did the 9/11 experiment show about flashbulb memories?
Subjects just thought they were more accurate & could vividly imagine the event
What are our conclusions about Flashbulb memories now?
Mostly normal but very strong memories- Strong: Feeling of accuracy & vivid imagination
What is childhood amnesia?
What are the conclusions of the research done on the reminiscence bump afterwards?
Maybe memory just works better at time of reminiscence bump
Limitations: Participants score importance after a long time
What is Galton-Crovitz cueing?
- Idea: Pseudo-random sample from autobiographical memory FALSE
Did the item cued have effects in Galton-Crovitz cuing?
- Many item-specific effects documented but relatively small
But for 'neutral' words' it's assumed that random sampling effect is largely true
Is there a common lifetime distribution of the item-related bumps in the Galton-Crovitz test?
Can we still use the Galton-Crovitz cueing method?
- We don't know what it measures
- Maybe the script biases to early memories or is there an additional bias towards childhood?
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