Breed, feed, manure

20 important questions on Breed, feed, manure

What is the focus of conventional production regarding to breeding?

- High productivity per animal
- High production intensity
- Maximize profit
- High inputs from all over the world
- Uniform conditions
- Holstein Frisian cows

What are the organic dairy cattle breeding selection criteria?

- High life time productivity
- Milk quality
- fertility and calving ease
- No physilogical and disease problems
- Milk and meat production (dueal purpose)
- High roughage intake and digestion capacity
- Robustness and health characters (resistance)
- Ability to adapt
- Quiet easy going animals

What are the social and ethical issues of breeding?

- Natural farming
- Animal integrity
- Animal welfare and health
- Consumers demands: purity of products
- Closed production chains
- Existing and future regulations
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What are artifical breeding methods?

- AI
- Embryo transpland and super ovulation
- In-vitro fertilization
- Genetic modification

What is the holstein frisian?

- Origin: rhine delta
- 8500 kg milk, 3,63% fat and 3,16% protein
- cow weighs 650 kh

What is the friesian dutch?

Main purpose: milk
- 7200 kg milk, 4.42%fat, 3.44% protein
- cow weigh 550-600 kg

What is the brown swiss?

Main purpose: milk
- 7617 kg milk, 4.49% fat, 4.64% protein
- cow weighs 630 kg
- High protein, calving ease
- Low fat, daily gain, muscularity

What are the steps of into the rumen?

- Ingestion
- Rumination
- Fermentation
- Uptake of fermentation products
- Passage

What happens during uptake of fermentation products?

- Happens during chemical stimulation, length of papillea and absorption of volatile fatty acids to control the pH

Where is feed intake determined by?

- Animal (weight, age, breed, productivity
- Fodder: type, quality, taste

What is the effective dry matte intake by anima?

EDM factor = SU/100kg LW/day

What is feeds contribute to saturation?

SU= SaturationValue (SU/kg) * dry matter

What are the levels of saturation value?

- Low (<0.9) for concentrates with high energy and protein
- Medium (0.9-1.1) for fresh roughages like grass
- High (>1.1) for low-quality roughages like hay and straw

What are the nutritional demands and what are they for?

- Energy (from sugards, starch and structural carbohydrates)
- Protein, animo acids
- Fats, vitamins, minerals, water etc.
Are for maintance, activity, production of milk and increase in body weight (meat, offspring)

What happens to protein in the rumen?

- Parly used for microbial protein synthesis, dependent on the ratio fermented carbohydrates/protein
- Partly resistand to breakdown, escapes from reticulo-rumen
- Rest released as ammonia, to be recycled through saliva and converted to urea in the liver, followed by excretion in urine

What is urea concentration in milk important for?

- Indicater for balanced protein supply
- Aim: 20-30mg urea/100ml milk
- Annueal fluctuations with a peak in spring and early summer (N fertilization level and clover content in grassland)

What are the health implications of high propertions of sugars and undergraded starch?

- Rumen acidification
- Large intestine digestion compromised: reduced manure quality and health

What are the health implications of high proportions of protein?

- Utilization for lactose production; incrased milk production, ammonia, urea in urine and milk, liver stress by ammonia converstion
- Mobilization of body reserves: milking disease, loss of liver function, lower resistance to diseases, lower fertility and body condition, lower productivity in long run

What are the health implication of high proportions of sugers and protein in the diet (from for eg clover)

Can result in bloat (trommelzucht); enhanced rumen gas production, interferes with breathing

Where is the manure amount dependent on?

- Apprarent feedstuff digestibility, defined as the difference between intake and excretion of organic matter or N
- Balance between carbohysrates and proteins
- Composition of proteins

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