Reproductive systems - b. Female reproductive system
34 important questions on Reproductive systems - b. Female reproductive system
In what part of the ovary are the oocytes produced?
In what kind of structure in the ovary is an oocyte produced?
How are the primordial female germ cells called?
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What is the oogenesis, and when does it start?
- Begins before birth
In what part of the oogenesis does the ovulation take place?
When does the mitosis of the oogonium happen, and what is the result?
- A diploid primary oocyte
When is meiosis I completed, and what is the result?
- The result is a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body
When does meiosis II happen, and what is the result?
- The result is a haploid ovum (which is then fertilized) and another polar body
With what process do the mitotic divisions of the oogenesis start?
What is the diplotene stage of the oogenesis, and what happens there?
How many of the initially formed primary oocytes / primordial follicles will degenerate before puberty?
What begins to happen each month at puberty (menarche)?
What two things happen to the follicle when it undergoes maturation?
- It becomes antral (= it gets a cavity)
- There become follicle cells outside (Thecal cells), and follicle cells inside (granulosa cells).
What are the two layers that surround the oocyte within the follicle?
- Zona pelucida (innermost layer): a layer of glycoproteins
- Corona radiata (surrounding zona pelucida): a layer of granulosa cells.
How is the dividing in meiosis I and II of the oocyte in which a polar body is formed, called?
What is the exact moment in the oogenesis in which ovulation takes place?
- The oocyte is suspended in metaphase II until fertilization (after which meiosis II is completed)
What induces the ovarian cycle (meiosis I) in puberty?
How many oocytes start to develop each month in the ovarian cycle?
Where are the oocytes 'stored', so where do they come from every month?
What are the three things that play an important role in the transition to a new stage in cell division (meiotic)?
- Phosphorylation by kinases (induced by MPF: M-phase promoting factor)
- Dephosphorylation by phosphatases (induced by calcineurin)
- Second messenger cascades (cAMP, cGMP, activation of kinases)
What happens at the arrest in the diplotene stage in prophase I (until puberty)?
How is meiosis resumed?
What does the corpus luteum produce to prepare the uterus?
Which hormone is secreted at ovulation?
How is the secondary oocyte transported to the uterus, and how long does it take?
- It takes 3-4 days (during first 12-24 hours, fertilization can take place)
What are the three functions the (muscular) uterus has?
- It gives nutritional support
- It removes waste for the developing embryo and fetus
How is the female reproductive cycle controlled, and what does it take?
- It requires both the signal (= hormone) and the receiver (receptor and downstream cascade)
What does FSH stimulate?
- pulse frequency of GnRH release
- female sex characteristics, endometrium growth, etc.
To what does the secretion of LH lead?
- stimulates endometrium growth
- decreases pulse frequency of GnRH release
Besides the production of estrogens (developing follicles), which leads to female sex characteristics, etc., to what does the production of FSH also lead?
What are the two things that happen in the uterus during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
- Destruction of functional zone (part of the endometrium)
- Repair and regeneration of functional zone.
What are the types of hormones that dominate during the follicular phase, and the luteal phase?
- Luteal phase: estrogens
What happens with the basal body temperature during the ovarian and uterine cycle?
- Upon ovulation: temperature declines with 0.1 ºC
- Day after ovulation: temperature rises with 0.4 ºC
What are three things that reduce or eliminate the chance of pregnancy?
- Inadequate hormone levels
- Inadequate response to circulating hormones
- Poor coordination or timing of hormone production of secondary oocyte release.
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