Model organisms ft. zebrafish
27 important questions on Model organisms ft. zebrafish
Why is it useful to use zebrafish for research on environmental risk factors on development (6)?
- A female can lay 200-500 eggs per week
- The eggs have a clear chorion, so you can monitor early development easy
- Their development is quick
- Till the end of the larva stage they are not considered animals (so you have few restrictions to research on them)
- It is a complex organism, so they are comparable to humans
- Low costs
Why are zebrafish good model organisms for humans?
- They have a quite similar genetic structure, and many of the genes that are associated with disease in humans, have a zebrafish counterpart
- Many zebrafish organs have the same kind of structure as humans
- Physiology, pharmacology, targets, and drug metabolism are highly conserved in humans and zebrafish
When did the popularity of using zebrafish in the lab increase?
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How many chromosomes do zebrafish have?
What are other relevant characteristics of the zebrafish genome, compared to the human genome?
- Zebrafish have 26,000 coding genes, humans have 21,000 coding genes
- Zebrafish have 5 million SNPs per individual, humans 3.6 million
- Zebrafish have a higher percentage of CNV
What does it mean for research that zebrafish have a higher CNV and a higher number of SNPs?
How is it possible that humans have less chromosomes and genes than zebrafish, given the fact that humans are more complex than zebrafish?
What percentage of human protein-coding genes are related to genes found in zebrafish, and what percentage of genes associated with human disease has a zebrafish counterpart?
- 84% of disease-causing human genes have a zebrafish counterpart
In what two ways can tumors be induced in zebrafish to do cancer research on them?
- Tumor cells from the patient are isolated, purificated, and enriched from the patient and injected in zebrafish
- The DNA of the zebrafish is altered to induce a tumor (genetic characterization of a tumor cell)
What are two genetic/genomic methods that are used in zebrafish to disrupt a gene?
- Morpholino (gene knock down)
- Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)(directed gene disruption)
What are two genetic/genomic methods that are used in zebrafish to localize genes?
- In situ hybridization
- Transgenic lines
What are two genetic/genomic methods to determine the expression of a gene?
- PCR-based techniques
- Microarrays/sequencing
What things can be done with Crispr/Cas9?
What are three screening types of mutagenesis?
2. Random mutagenesis of whole genome → mutated genes are identified → mutant phenotypes are identified
3. Targeted mutagenesis of specific gene → mutant phenotypes are identified
How are types 1 and 2 of mutagenesis screening, so the ones in which random mutagenesis of the whole genome takes place, called?
How is type 3 of the mutagenesis screening called, so the one with targeted mutagenesis of a specific gene?
What are three types of pigmentation a zebrafish embryo develops?
- Melanophores (black)
- Iridophores (blue, silvery)
- Xanthophores (yellow)
What are the two hatching embryos of the zebrafish?
What type of bone tissue does the zebrafish embryo have until 5 dpf?
When does ossification begin in zebrafish embryos, and when is the column formed?
- Column is formed after 23 dpf
When does the liver of the zebrafish embryo starts to have a biometabolization capacity?
What are the 8 stages in the development of the zebrafish, and what does it involve?
2. Cleavage - 2nd to 7th cell cycle (fast)
3. Blastula - rapid cell cycles, give way to lengthened, asynchronous ones at the midblastula transition, epiboly begins
4. Gastrula - involution, convergence, extension from epiblast, hypoblast and embryonic axis, until the end of epiboly
5. Segmentation - somites, neuromeres, organogenesis, tail develops
6. Pharyngula - circulation, pigmentation, fins, body axis straightens, brain develops
7. Hatching - completion of morphogenesis of primary organ systems, cartilage develops, hatching
8. Early larva - swim-bladder invades, food-seeking.
After how many hours in development does hatching of the zebrafish embryo occur?
What are the three germ layers of the zebrafish embryo, and what is formed from it?
2. Ectoderm - brain, spinal cord, nose, eye
3. Mesoderm - head, muscle, heart, fins, notochord.
What are the four types of solutions you use when you want to determine the toxic dose for a zebrafish?
- Blanc control (water)
- Solvent control (C0)
- Increasing series of test concentrations (C1 to Cn)
- Positive control (Cp)
What kind of terms are used for LC50, EC50, NOEC, and LOEC when the test group are rodents (as models for humans), instead of fish?
- ED50
- LOAEL
- NOAEL
How are toxic compounds in both zebrafish and humans taken up, metabolized, and excreted?
- Compounds are metabolized in the liver and bile system
- Metabolites are secreted via urinary system and skin, or stored in tissue
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