Re-visiting our immune system; Adaptive immunity:immune cells and immune regulation

16 important questions on Re-visiting our immune system; Adaptive immunity:immune cells and immune regulation

Name the three big steps in defense against pathogens:

1) Alarm and first defense- aspecific killing (“quick and dirty”)- local inflammation
2) Mobilisation of the immune system- recruitment of immune cells- activation of adaptive responses -> antigen presentation !!
3) Specific defence & future protection- clonal selection of lymphocytes- effector B(plasma)-cells and T-cells- memory


Explain what happens to neutrophils from bone marrow till death

1) large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection
2) neutrophils travel to and enter the infected tissue, where they engulf and kill bacteria. The neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by Macrophages

How do macrophages initiate immune responses? Explain

Macrophages initiate immune responses by activating T-cells. 
1) Bacteria binding to endocytic receptors of macrophages induce their engulfment and degration
2) baterial components binding to signaling receptors of macrophages induce the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines
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How do T cells activate macrophages?

1) Bacterial peptides transported by MHC class II to the cell surface
2) Th1 cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activated macrophage 

What does the B cell receptor recognize?

complex antigenic structures

What does the T cell receptor recognize?

small peptide fragments (requires antigen presentation) 

How are B cell receptors activated?

By crosslinking with antigens

What is required for T-cell activation?

2 signals: co-stimulatory signal and specific signal
Specific signal alone leads to an anergic T ceel, this contributes to self-tolerance
Co-stimulatory signal alone has no effect on the T cell

What kind of T cells do you have?

CD8+  cytotoxic T-cells (Tc )
CD4+  helper T-cells of type 1 (Th1)
CD4+  helper T-cells of type 2 (Th2)
Regulatory T-cells

What is the action of CD8 cytotoxic t cells?

1) virus infects cell
2) virus proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
3) peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER
4) bound peptides transported by MHC class I to the cell surface
5) cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell

What is the difference in antigen presentation between MHc class I and II?

Class I has internal foreign protein, while class II has external foreign protein

What are the T cell effector molecules of the CD8 cytotoxic T cell?

Perforin, Granzymes, Granulysin, Fas ligand
Others: IFN-gamma, TNF- beta, TNF-alpha

What are the T cell effector molecules of the CD4 Th1 cell?

IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, CD40 ligand, Fas ligand
Others: IL-3, TNF-beta, (IL-2)

What are the T cell effector molecules of CD4 Th2 cells?

IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, CD40 ligand
Others: IL-3, IL-10, GM-CSF, TGF-beta, Eotaxin

The inhibitory signals distributed by a Th2 cell are ... and the function is ..

IL-4, 10, 13.Inhibition on Th1 and macrophages

What are the signals that let Th1 cells inhibit Th2?

IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha

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