Summary: Lezak Chapter 1

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• 1 1 The Practice of

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• What did Mortimer Mishkin highlight about neuropsychological assessment in 1988?

  Imaging is not enough.
  - Neuropsychological assessment is crucial.
  - Provides detailed information on cognitive functioning.
  - Helps in understanding brain-behavior relationships.
  - Plays a key role in diagnosing neurological disorders.

• What is clinical neuropsychology concerned with?

  - Behavioral expression of brain dysfunction
  - Linkages between body structures and common behavioral responses
  - Development related to controlled observations in the 19th century
  - Screening, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of brain-injured and behaviorally disturbed servicemen
  - It traces its lineage to clinical neurosciences
  - Incorporation of educational psychology concepts and techniques

• What historical events led to large-scale demands for neuropsychology programs?

  - War-damaged brains during the first and second World Wars
  - Screening, diagnosis, and rehabilitation needs of servicemen
  - Development of talented neuropsychologists and examination techniques
  - Wars in east Asia and the Mideast

• What are the two other domains of knowledge and skill that psychology contributed to clinical neuropsychology?

  - Educational testing techniques for intelligence assessment by Binet and Spearman
  - Mental measurement specialists developing examination techniques
  - Incorporation of tests like Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Wechsler Intelligence Scales
  - Large-scale statistics-dependent testing programs
  - Psychological principles and techniques borrowed from educational testing

• How did experimental studies contribute to the understanding of cognitive functions in clinical neuropsychology?

  - Early human studies focused on normal subjects, college students, and clinical reports of brain-injured persons
  - Animal studies and reports of brain injured persons provided insights into alterations in cognitive functions
  - Identification of limitations of specific cognitive functions when part of the brain is compromised
  - Wealth of information gathered from studying brain injured individuals, especially those with localized lesions

• What did neuroscientists discover regarding the usefulness of cognitive constructs and psychological techniques?

  - Cognitive constructs and psychological techniques are useful in studying brain-behavior relationships
  - Dynamic imaging techniques allow for viewing functioning brain structures
  - Functional neuroimaging provides neurological bases for psychological constructs
  - Helps in analysis and comprehension of multifaceted behavioral presentations in brain injured patients

• What are some characteristics of clinical neuropsychologists when addressing assessment questions?

  - They address questions of neurological and psychological import
  - Deal with diverse problems and persons, presenting an unending challenge
  - Need to satisfy the purpose of the examination while evaluating patients at suitable levels
  - The field requires flexibility, curiosity, inventiveness, and empathy even in routine situations

• Why has neuropsychological assessment rapidly evolved in recent years?

  - Reflects growing sensitivity among clinicians to practical problems of brain impaired patients
  - Various professionals seek neuropsychological assistance in identification, assessment, care, and treatment
  - Interaction between neuropsychology and gerontology enhances knowledge and clinical applications
  - The increase in longevity worldwide has led to more neurological problems associated with aging

• How has child neuropsychology developed alongside advances in the study of developmental disorders?

  - Focuses on mental retardation, neurodevelopmental disorders, and children's behavior problems
  - Refers interested readers to the current child neuropsychology literature for more information
  - The text primarily addresses neuropsychological issues relevant for adults
  - Developmental disorders or childhood onset conditions may require neuropsychological attention in adulthood

• What was the emphasis in clinical neuropsychology when the book first appeared?

  - Assessment of behavioral change was essential
  - Many patients were considered limited in capacity to benefit from behavioral training programs and counseling
  - Treatment planning and evaluation have become necessary considerations
  - Treatment techniques develop as diagnostic categories are defined and the nature of patient's disorders is understood