Summary: Locomotor Apparatus
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1 Anatomy
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1.1 The ear
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What are forms of mechanical energy?
Sound (detected by cochlea)
Gravity (detected by the vestibular organs)
Rotational acceleration (detected by the vestibular organs) -
What characterises a sound?
Frequency (pitch) --> 20Hz <> 20000 Hz normally
Intensity (loudness) --> 120 dB normally -
Where is the parotid gland located?
In front of the tragus of the external auditory canal -
Where does the facial nerve exit?
The stylomastoid foramen, 1 cm deep to the tip of the tragus (tragal pointer) -
What are the fissures of Santorini?
Small fenestrations through the cartilage within the anterior and inferior portions of the cartilaginous ear canal.
Clinical relevance: Otitis externa can spread to the parotid gland through these fissures and may lead to sskull base osteomyelitis. -
Where is the temporomandibular joint located?
Anterior to the bony canal -
Where is cerumen secreted?
From glands in the skin of the cartilaginous canal -
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the mastoid process and the pinna?
The great auricular nerve (from nerve roots C2 and C3) -
Which nerves innervate the external auditory canal?
Cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and X (vagus) -
Where do the three layers of the tympanic membrane originate from?
Outer layer --> ectoderm --> squamous epithelium
Middle layer --> mesenchyme --> fibrous (radial and circumferential)
Inner layer --> endoderm --> cuboidal mucosal epithelium.
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