Summary: Locomotor Apparatus

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Read the summary and the most important questions on Locomotor apparatus

  • 1 Anatomy

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  • 1.1 The ear

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  • What are forms of mechanical energy?

    Sound (detected by cochlea)
    Gravity (detected by the vestibular organs)
    Rotational acceleration (detected by the vestibular organs)
  • What characterises a sound?

    Frequency (pitch) --> 20Hz <> 20000 Hz normally
    Intensity (loudness) --> 120 dB normally
  • Where is the parotid gland located?

    In front of the tragus of the external auditory canal
  • Where does the facial nerve exit?

    The stylomastoid foramen, 1 cm deep to the tip of the tragus (tragal pointer)
  • What are the fissures of Santorini?

    Small fenestrations through the cartilage within the anterior and inferior portions of the cartilaginous ear canal.

    Clinical relevance: Otitis externa can spread to the parotid gland through these fissures and may lead to sskull base osteomyelitis.
  • Where is the temporomandibular joint located?

    Anterior to the bony canal
  • Where is cerumen secreted?

    From glands in the skin of the cartilaginous canal
  • Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the mastoid process and the pinna?

    The great auricular nerve (from nerve roots C2 and C3)
  • Which nerves innervate the external auditory canal?

    Cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and X (vagus)
  • Where do the three layers of the tympanic membrane originate from?

    Outer layer --> ectoderm --> squamous epithelium
    Middle layer --> mesenchyme --> fibrous (radial and circumferential)
    Inner layer --> endoderm --> cuboidal mucosal epithelium.

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