Traumatology
13 important questions on Traumatology
What is the definition of a fracture?
What are causes of a fracture
- direct: kick, bullet
- indirect: fall on extended hand
- own muscles: epileptic insult, sports
What are the different types of fractures?
- Hairline fractures
- Greenstick fractures
- Simple fractures
- Multifragmentary fractures
- Intra-articular
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What are characteristics of hairline fractures?
- No significant displacement
- Difficult to detect on Xray (e.g. stress fractures)
What are characteristics of greenstick fractures?
- Tearing of periosteum
- Rapid healing
What are types of simple fractures?
2. Oblique
3. Spiral
What are types of multifragmentary fractures
2. Bending wedge
3. Fragmented wedge
4. Complex spiral
5. Complex segmented
6. Irregular
What are different types of dislocation?
- Dislocatio ad latitudinem
- Dislocatio ad longitudinem (cum distractione, cum contractione)
- Dislocation ad peripheriam (turn)
What are the stages of fracture healing?
Reparation phase
Remodeling phase
What happens during the inflammation stage of fracture healing? (Day 1-3)
Necrosis
Inflammation mediators
- Vascular dilatation
- Acute oedema
- Inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes
Necrosis and exudate removed
Fibroblasts
What happens during the granulation phase (3-4 weeks)
Collagen
Capillaries
Mineral deposits
Osteoprogenitor cells (periosteum)
--> Soft callus
12-15 days:
- Intramembranous bone formation
- Cartilage
21 days:
- Endochondral bone formation
- Calcium
- Woven bone
- Osteoclasts
--> Hard callus
What happens during the remodeling phase (months to years)
What aspects are necessary for bone healing?
- Messenger proteins
- Stem cells
- Relative immobilisation
- Vascularisation
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