Regulatie van de maagdarmkanaal functies
10 important questions on Regulatie van de maagdarmkanaal functies
What is digestion and where does it take place?
By what is digestion aided and why?
What are the 2 major divisions of the GI system and what do they consist of?
- Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Consists of several organs joined in series to form a passageway through which food and digestion products are conducted.
- Accessory glands. Number of glands located outside the GI tract that secrete various fluids and enzymes into the lumen of the tract to aid the digestive process.
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What are the organs of the GI tract?
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
What are the 4 distinct layers of most of the GI tract?
- Mucosa. Lines the lumen of the digestive tract.
- Submucosa. Underlying layer of connective tissue,
- Muscularis externa. Layer made up of smooth muscle fibers.
- Serosa. Outer layer of mostly connective tissue.
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa and what are their characteristics?
- Mucous membrane. Innermost layer of cells. Consists of epithelial cells (enterocytes) that are a barrier separating the lumen of the body's internal environment. Enterocytes are absorptive, endocrine or exocrine. Among exocrine cells are goblet cells, which secrete mucus.
- Lamina propria. Middle layer of connective tissue. Contains blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves. Also contains Peyer's patches, which are important in defending the body against bacteria.
- Muscularis mucosae. Thin outer layer of smooth muscle. Contains longitudinal and circular muscle fibers.
What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa?
- Mostly responsible for the motility.
- Contains an inner layer of circular muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle.
- Contraction of muscles propels and mixes the contents.
What are the characteristics of the serosa?
- Outermost layer
- Consists of an inner layer of connective tissue and an outer layer of epithelial tissue called mesothelium, which secretes a watery lubricating fluid that makes it easier for organs to slide past each other.
What is unique about the esophagus compared to the GI tract?
How is the passage of food from the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach regulated?
- By the upper esophageal sphincter, which is a ring of skeletal muscle surrounding the esophagus at its upper end.
- At the lower end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, a ring of smooth muscle.
- Both are normally closed and only open when food is being swallowed.
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