Mechanisms of Development - In dept questions
12 important questions on Mechanisms of Development - In dept questions
Why did we learn a lot about human development by studying Drosophila?
What is a syncytium?
Until what developmental stage do Drosophila embryos develop as a syncytium?
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What molecules can play an important role in pattern formation in the syncytium, and why could they not do this in the same way if there was no syncytial development?
Describe the location of Dorsal when the blastoderm is formed.
What kind of protein is Bicoid?
Bicoid is involved in anterior-posterior patterning in Drosophila embryos. What is the (biochemical) function of Bicoid?
Caudal mRNA is located everywhere in the embryo. Bicoid protein blocks the translation of Caudal.
In the anterior side, where Bicoid concentration is high, Caudal protein concentration is low. In the posterior side, Caudal protein concentration is high.
The same happens at the posterior side bij Nanos and Hunchback.
How does Bicoid contribute to the formation of the anterior-posterior axis?
Bicoid and nanos are opposite of each other.
- Nanos blocks Hunchback
- Bicoid blocks Caudal
Hunchback and Caudal mRNA is produced everywhere, but translation is inhibited by nanos and Bicoid.
How is a Bicoid (protein) gradient formed during Drosophila embryogenesis?
MRNA is locked at the anterior pole
- Protein is only translated there
- Diffusion to nuclei in syncytium
- The net result of diffusion and degradation is a gradient.
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In figure 1.1 an experiment is described where embryos are compared with different numbers of copies of the wildtype Bicoid gene. One dose means that this is an embryo of a bcd/+ heterozygote mother, two doses represent the homozogous wildtype, and mothers with more copies are obtained by transgenic insertion of extra wildtype Bicoid gene copies. To the right of every genotype indication, the position of the head furrow (red) is quantified as percentage total egg length. Explain why this experiment is consistent with the hypothesis that Bicoid is a morphogen.
The easiest way to prove that the protein is a morphogen, is to change the amount of doses.
The higher the initial concentration of Bicoid, the longer it takes to reach a certain threshold. This is visible in the placement of the head in Drosophila.
Describe the three mechanisms that fo![]()
rm a morphogen gradient along the fly anterior-posterior axis.
2. The syncytium stage that will let the cascade run freely
3. The zygotic effect to determine the later development
Bicoid and Caudal are the transcription factors that initiate anterior-posterior axis formation in Drosophila embryos. Both are present in a gradient. Use the mechanism by which these gradients are formed to explain the phenotype of a bicoid mutant, and deduce what will be the phenotype of a caudal mutant.
A Bicoid mutant lacks head formation and instead forms posterior pattern and a Caudal mutant lacks certain posterior pattern formation.
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