Immune mechanisms

10 important questions on Immune mechanisms

What are the mechanisms behind Kupffer cell-mediated aggravation of liver injury?

- present of NADPH oxidase
- NO production
- releasing of proteases.
- TNF alpha, IL-1beta are generated.

What is the role of dendritic cells in kupffercell activation?

They can activate them via specific receptors that can recognize sugar molecules. dendritic cells are attracted by chemokine release by kupffercells. after extravasation, dendritic cells come into direct contact with the hepatocytes.

What are gammadelta cells?

- can recognise antigens without usage of MHC.
- cell-cell contact is required for a proper function.
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What kind of xenobiotics can damage the blood cell develoment?

Benzene can damage the blood stem cell while TCDD can damage the T-lymphocytes. TCDD should do this via AHR. It only affects the cd4+/cd8- and cd4-/cd8+ cells.

What are mechanisms of allergic contact dermatitis?

1st phase: sensitization phase. caused by covalent protein binding. (hapten formation). Then langerhans cells can recognize it as xenobiotic and engulfe it -> dendritic cells transformation of the langerhans cells.
2nd: elicitation phase.  2nd recognition because of memory cells. lympocytes are involved. delayed type.

Via which 3 pathways can the hapten induce an immune response?

1) hapten is recognized by the immune system as part of  a nonself peptide fragment.
2) haptenation can induce a conformational change of the protein.
3) The hapten can modulate the immune system in such a way that the native self peptides will be viewed as though they were nonself peptides and become subject to immune attack (autoimmune reaction).

What are mechanisms of procanoid induced  lupus?

2 ways metabolized:
1) NAT and then excreted
2)   can become bioactivated by myeloperoxidase catalyzed oxidation in white blood cells. this can result in either covalent protein modification or activation of chromatin-reactive T-cells.

What are the mechanisms behind penicilline induced toxicity?

- penicilin modified peptide produces IgG.
- IgG can be recognized by the Fc receptor of NK killer cells or macrophages.

What are the mechanisms behind halothane induced livertoxicity?

1) cyp2E1
2) cleavage of bromide ion
3) hapten formation

What is oral tolerance?

a xenobiotic taken by the oral route induces tolerance rather than immune response.

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