Signal-Transduction Pathways

4 important questions on Signal-Transduction Pathways

What are the termination signals?

1. Dissociation ligand-receptor
2. Internalisation receptor-ligand complex
3. Phosphorylation receptor-ligand complex (arrestin)

How does insulin get released from the B-pancreatic cells?

Glucose uptake (GLUT2) --> Glycolysis --> ATP --> Block ATP-sensitive K+ channel --> Depolarization --> Ca2+ channel open --> Ca2+ flux --> Insulin release

How does the insulin signaling go?

Insulin induces dimerization (PTK) --> auto-phosphorylation tyrosine residues --> docking site insulin receptor substrates (IRS) --> docking PI3-kinase --> PIP2 phosphorylation forms PIP3 --> translocation PDK1 to plasma membrane --> phosphorylation Akt (Protein Kinase B) --> GLUT4
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How does viagra work?

Viagra is a Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. The concentration cAMP goes up (no degradation) and PKA stays activated. Muscles are relaxed.

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