Detoxification & alcohol
39 important questions on Detoxification & alcohol
If you fast, insulin levels will drop and glucagon levels will rise. What happens then?
Which AA is preferred to be broken down and why?
If you fast you see that your urea levels increase, why?
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Why do your urea levels increase and then reduce again when you start fasting?
How is the AA metabolism regulated?
What is the first step in the degradation of AA?
Why is the NH3 group preferentially transferred to glutamate?
What is the first step in the urea cycle? Which enzyme is needed?
What is the rate limiting step for the urea cycle?
This step depends on how much ammonia you have and on how much carbomoylphosphate you can make.
What happens after the formation of carbomoylphosphate?
When there are a lot of proteins degraded, you will end up with a large concentration of arginine in your cytoplasm. What does this lead to?
What is feedforward regulation?
What is the aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt?
What happens if anybody has inborn errors in the urea cycle?
How can you help people with an error in the urea cycle (if they didn't die already)?
When speaking of detoxifications, what is the goal of the liver?
What are the two excretion pathways from the liver?
- Water soluble --> via urine
- Very hydrophobic solutes --> via bile salts
The detoxification reactions are mainly carried out by a certain family of enzymes. Which one?
What the liver wants to do is make a compounds soluble. There are three ways to do this. What are these?
- Couple it to glutathione
- Couple it to UDP-glucaronic acid
- Couple it to phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS)
Coupling to glutathione is dependent on glucose. Can you explain why?
Coupling to UDP-glucaronic acid is dependent on glucose. Can you explain why?
Sometimes compounds are not soluble enough and you need to excrete it via the bile. What is an example?
Some premature babies might develop jaundice. Why?
When the liver fully develops, this will disappear and the baby is completely healthy.
What is the basic breakdown scheme of ethanol?
What is the toxic compound in the breakdown of ethanol?
Why do you get a hangover when you drink alcohol?
Why do (many) people from Asia have a lower alcohol tolerance?
Beside the build up of acetaldehyde there is another problem when drinking alcohol. What is this problem?
Why do people that drink a lot develop a fatty liver?
What is the consequence of a fatty liver?
What are Kupfer cells and what is the relation with stellate cells?
What is the problem if you don't eat before you drink?
What is the problem with acidification of your blood?
What is the effect of chronic alcohol use on liver detoxification?
This CYP2E1 will also produce some ROS. So, it's not beneficial to have this upregulation.
What is the danger of alcoholics and painkillers?
There are two pathways leading to a blood clot. What are these and what is the difference?
Platelets bind to coagulation factors. Where are these coagulation factors made and why are they needed?
What is γ-carboxylation? What does this reaction depend on?
What is the effect of alcohol on blood clotting?
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