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Oxygen metabolism and sports

22 important questions on Oxygen metabolism and sports

What is needed for oxidative phosphorylation and where does this come from? What does it give?

NADH is needed, this is transported into mitochondria after glycolysis.
10 H+ is made, this will go into ATP synthase

What is cooperativity? Explain using hemoglobin.

Binding of O2 leads to a change of protein conformation: cooperativity. This controls the O2 binding/release at different pO2 in the body.

What happens with CO2 in water (for example)?

CO2 leads to carbonic acid, when there is more muscle movement, there is more acid produced.
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What does a RBC use to transport CO2?

A RBC uses bicarbonate for transporting CO2 as protons.

What is meant with the Bohr effect?

More exercise --> more acid --> lower pH --> more O2 release

What is the direct link between metabolism and breathing?

Muscular work produces acids (lactate, CO2), draining the acid leads to gasping (lack of oxygen = surplus of acid).

What is ROS and where is the generation high?

ROS is reactive oxygen species. The generation of ROS is high in RBC.

How can we prevent high ROS?

Reduction of equivalents (glutathione)

How is glutathione reduced?

Via the pentose phosphate pathway, NADPH is formed which leads to glutathione reduction.

What do you know about f(l)ava beans?

F(l)ava beans generate vast amounts of ROS, this depletes (red blood) cells of glutathione. No/less glutathione protects against malaria.

What makes the strength of muscle movement?

The strength of muscle movement is caused by the cooperativity of myosin fibers.

How much ATP does one myosin stroke take?

1 ATP

How is oxygen trapped and stored in the muscles?

Myoglobin

What are the three stimulus for glycogen to be converted into glucose?

  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Nerve impuls
  3. Epinephrine

What happens during a nerve impuls (regarding to glycogen/glucose)?

Ca2+ --> phosphorylase kinase activated --> glycogen --> glucose

What happens when epinephrine is released (regarding to glycogen/glucose)?

cAMP --> phosphorylase kinase activated --> glycogen --> glucose

Why does average speed decline with distance?

  • Different sources of ATP are mobilised with different speeds
  • Different sources of blood glucose are mobilised during exercise

Why do neurons feed on lactate provided by astrocytes?

In this way the neurons can use the oxygen (that is not used for oxidative phosphorylation).

What is the cori cycle?

The cori cycle regenerates lactate to glucose.

What happens in the liver with citrate?

Citrate activates malonyl CoA production via acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC).

What happens with malonyl CoA in the muscles?

Cytosolic AMP and citrate control FA import via malonyl CoA (via ACC-2).

For a run, when are ketone bodies important?

800 to 1500 m run.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Medical Biochemistry

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