Histology respiratory system

26 important questions on Histology respiratory system

What does the transporting part of the respiratory system consist of?

  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles

What are the functions of the transporting part of the respiratory system?

Transport O2,CO2 and improve quality of the inhaled air: sensing, temperature, humidity (mucus), clean (nose hairs and cilia), immunological response.

What are the functions of the respiratory part of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange and removal of particles (macrophages or dust cells).
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What is the histology of the pharynx, larynx, and alveoli?

Pharynx: stratified squamous epithelium (many layers because food goes also through this tube --> damage)
Larynx: pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with villi)
Alveoli: simple squamous

What is the general histological structure of the respiratory system?

  1. Mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
  2. Submucosa (connective tissue and glands) --> to make mucus
  3. Adventitia (anatomical membrane)

Why does the respiratory system not have a muscle layer to prevent collapsing?

Because the cartilage prevents collapsing.

What is important about the mucosa (mucus membrane)?

It has a so called 'mucus escalator'. This makes sure that the mucus (containing particles that should not be in the respiratory system) goes up and can be swallowed.

What is the histology of alveoli?

  • Thin, simple squamous epithelium
  • Covers the surface of the alveoli
  • Alveoli membrane: very thin (<1 μm) for exchange of gasses
  • Surface area very large

What is the respiratory defence system? What does it contain?

This system removes pathogens, dust and other particles. It contains:
  • Nose hairs
  • Slime (mucus membrane)
  • Cilia (mucus escalator)
  • Alveolar macrophages

What is the histology of the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx?

Nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar
Oropharynx: stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx: stratified squamous

The trachea contains mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia. What do all these layers consist of?

Mucosa: pseudostratified columnar epithelium, many goblet cells (mucus)
Submucosa: connective tissue with many glands (serous and mucous)
Adventitia: elastic connective tissue with C-rings (cartilage)

What is the path from trachea to alveoli?

Trachea - primary bronchus - secondary bronchus - bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct - alveolar sac

What type of epithelium do terminal bronchioles have?

Cuboidal cells

What does the lamina propria contain in terminal bronchioles?

Fibroelastic connective tissue surrounded by smooth muscle cells.

What is remarkable about the alveolar duct?

They don't have an own wall, they are surrounded by linearly organized alveoli. Also, the diameter of the opening of the alveolar duct into alveolar sac can be regulated by smooth muscle cells (sphincter).

What is the interalveolar septum?

The structure between 2 alveoli. It contains capillaries and elastic- and reticular fibers.

What is the difference between type I and type II pneumocytes?

Type I are simple squamous epithelial cells, type II produce surfactant.

What is the function of surfactant?

Lower the surface tension. This reduces the work of breathing (air filling of the alveolus). It also prevents collapsing of the alveoli during breathing.

What is respiratory stress syndrome?

This is a disease of premature babies. The lungs are not mature enough, there is not enough surfactant and therefore it is very difficult to breathe.

Where can you find the dust cell?

In the interstitial space of the septum, or alveolar surface.

What are the two routes a dust cell can take?

  1. By ciliary activity transported back to the pharynx (mucus escalator)
  2. Back to the septum and exit the lungs via the lymph vessels

What is the blood-gas barrier?

(Lumen capillary)
  • Cytoplasm of the endothelial cell
  • Fused basal lamina of the endothelium and epithelium
  • Cytoplasm of epithelium cell
  • Surfactant on the epithelium
(Lumen of alveolus)

Are cell membranes a barrier for gas?

No because cell membranes are lipids.

How is blood supplied to the respiratory system?

  • Pulmonary circuit:  pulmonary arteries follow the bronchial tree, branch via the arteriole in continuous capillaries, where blood is reoxygenated (in the alveolar septa). Reoxygenated blood flows via venous system to the left atrium.
  • Systemic circuit (bronchial arteries, branch of aorta): supplies oxygen-rich blood to the larger components of the bronchial tree.

The pleura consists of two layers. What are these layers and what is the difference?

  • Visceral (against the lungs)
  • Parietal (against chest cavity)

What is the pleural cavity? What does it contain?

The pleural cavity is the space in between the two pleura membrane layers. This contains fluid.

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