Micronutrients-superfood and health

25 important questions on Micronutrients-superfood and health

What is the name of vitamin D?

Calciferol

What is the name of vitamin E?

Tocopherols, tocotrienols

What is the name of vitamin B6?

Pyridoxine, pyridocxal, pyridoxamine
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What is the name of vitamin H?

Biotin

Vitamin A is important for two things. What are these things and which compounds are important for what?

Retinal - vision
Retinoic acid - immune system

β-carotene can be found in carrots. This can be taken up by what?

Carotene dioxygenase

Retinoic acids act as signalling molecules (transcription factors) by binding to nuclear receptors. Which receptors?

RAR and RXR

Vitamin A is crucial in the immune system, what does it do?

It is important in making IgA.

Why do you need vitamin B7?

Vitamin B7 is important for carboxylase reactions.

Which two vitamins are important for DNA synthesis?

Vitamin B9 and vitamin B12

What happens if you block vitamin B12?

You get a build-up of methylfolate, this prevents DNA synthesis.

Vitamin C is important for two things, what?

Vitamin C is an important antioxidant. It is also important in protein modifications (especially collagen).

How do you get the tight wrapping of the collagen rope?

The collagen molecules need posttranslational modification. This is done by vitamin C. You get the hydroxyproline residues and hydroxylysine residues. These are important to make the tight rope.

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

Patients with this syndrome have mutation in the collagen molecules or in the enzymes involved in making all the ropes and modifications.

What are rickets? How do you get these?

Rickets are malformations of the bones. You get this if you don't get enough vitamin D.

How do you make vitamin D?

You make it under UV-light from dihydroxy cholesterol. Under UV-light you make cholecalciferol from it.

Where is cholecalciferol metabolized? What is the end product?

In the liver and kidney, to calciterol.

How is bone turnover regulated?

You have two types of cells: osteoblasts (make bone) and osteoclasts ('eat' bone).

What is the link between vitamin D and calcitonin? What does this have to with osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Vitamin D promotes deposition of calcium, the osteoblasts work. Calcitonin does the opposite so the osteoclasts work.

What happens when PTH is released?

PTH signals to the bone to release calcium. Osteoclasts become active so that blood calcium levels are raised.

Why do you need vitamin E?

Vitamin E is an antioxidant.

Why do you need vitamin K?

Vitamin K is important for carboxylation of the blood coagulation factors.

What is Wilson's disease?

Wilson's disease means that the patients have a mutation in the transmembrane copper transporting ATPase2 (ATP7B). This protein links copper to ceruloplasmin to be released in the plasma or to the bile if you have enough.

What is a characteristic of Wilson's disease?

The Kayser-Fleischer ring. A ring in their eye, around the iris. This is deposited copper.

What is paleolithic diet?

A diet very rich in carbohydrates

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