L12 Human embryology and development

8 important questions on L12 Human embryology and development

Bendig of the tubular heart

Septation of embryonic heart

The extra embryonic membranes


Of what two structures is the umbilical cord formed?

Connecting stalk and yolk sac.
The folding of the embryo and expansion of the amniotic cavity bring the connecting stalk and yolk sac together to form the umbilical cord.

As the amnion continues to grow, a layer of amniotic membrane gradually encloses the umbilical cord.

The basic circulatory system in a 20 day old human

The basic circulatory system in a 28 year old human
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The umbilical cord, what's it function?

  • Transports oxygen and nutrients to fetes from the placenta and returns waste products from the foetus to the placenta.
  • contains:
    • 2 arteries and 1 vein supported by mucoid material (Wharton's jelly) to prevent kinking and knotting
  • Contains no pain receptors

Via what structure does Deoxygenated blood leave the fetus? And via what does oxygenated blood enter?

Through the umbilical arteries and enters the placenta where it is oxygenated. Oxygenated blood leaves placenta through the umbilical vein, which enter the foetus via the umbilical cord.

For or of what are human placenta a good source? For what else can they be used?

The human placenta and cord blood are rich in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to various tissues.

What are two important functions of the placenta?

Transport function:
  • diffusion
  • active transport
  • pinocytosis
  • membrane breakthrough


Endocrine function:
  • human chorionic gandotropin (HCG)
  • chorionic somatomammotropin (placental lactogen)
  • chorionic thyrotropin
  • chorionic corticotropin


  • progesteron
  • estrogen (in concert with the adrenal gland and liver (special enzymes))

What are the four extra embryonic tissues?

  • Yolk sac
  • Amnion
  • Allantois
  • Placental complex

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