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Regulatie van de maagdarmkanaal-functies - Phys Chptr 20: The gastrointestinal system

16 important questions on Regulatie van de maagdarmkanaal-functies - Phys Chptr 20: The gastrointestinal system

What are the three layers of the mucosa and what do they do?

1. the mucous membrane, epithelial cells of different types (together enterocytes ->absorptive cells, exocrine cells, goblet  cells, endocrine cells) forming a barrier between the lumen and the body's internal environment

2. the lamina propria,  connective tissue that has smalle bloos vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels. Also includes lymph nodules and Peyer's patches (protect against bacteria).

3. muscularis mucosae, smooth muscle to contract the mucosa into folds which stirs the lumenal contents and promotes contact with the muscosal surface.

What does the submucosa consist of?

Connective tissue that provides the GI tract with much of its distensibility and elasticity. This layer also contains larger blood and lymph vessels. At it's outer boarder it a network of nerves called the submucosal plexus, which communicates with a cell network in the mustcularis externa (myenteric plexus), together these nerve plexus make up the enteric nervous system.

What does the musularis externa do?

Responsable for the motility of the GI tract and consists of an inner layer of circular muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle. The circular muscle generates spontaneous depolarizations called slow-wave potentials with the single unit smooth muscle cells. The longitudinal multi unit smooth muscle depends on neural input for contraction.
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What happens in the oral cavity?

Mastication (chewing) helps mix saliva containing amylase which begin the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starch and glycogen.

What are the three anatomical regions of the stomach?

The fundus - extends above the lower esophageal sphincter (thin wall able to expand), the body - the bulk and volume (able to expand by the flattenng of the mucosa) and the antrum - narrow and small in volume (with the thickest muscle layer for strong contractions) at the end of the stomach leading to the pyloric sphincter.

What do the gastric pits consist of?

Neck cells that secrete mucus, gastric glands deeper in the pits which contain: cheif cells which secrete pepsinogen (converted into pepsin by the acidity), parietal cells which secrete both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor (absoption of b12) and g-cells that secrete gastrin (that secrete into the blood stream).

What are the pits in bewteen the villi called and do?

crypts of Liberkuhn, they secrete some more bicarb-rich fluid called succus entericus into the lumen.

What happens to the minerals that are absorbed from the intestines?

Carried by the bloodstream to the liver. Blood from theintestinal capillaries drain into mesenteric veins and is carried to the liver by the hepatic portal vein.

What are the four regions of the colon?

The ascending colon which runs upwards on the right side of the body from the end of the small intestine (devided by the ileocecal shpincter) toward the diaphragm (start is the cecum and attached to that is the vermiforn appendix), the transversecolon which runs across the abdominal cavity, the decending colon which runs downward on the left side and the sigmoid colon, an s shaped segment leading to the rectum.

What are the longitudinal muscle bands of the large instestine called?

teniae coli

What are the accessory glands of the GI tract and what do they have in common?

salivary glands, the pancreas and the liver. The salivary glands and the pancreas have the fluid secreted into acini that transport the fluid in ducts that modify the content some more and then come together in a main duct that transports the fluids to the organ..

What are the salivary glands calles?

Parotid glands (side of the head), sublingual glands (under the tongue) and the submandibular glands (beneath the jaw). The rest are located in the mouth and pharynx.

What does pancreatic juice consist of?

bicarbonate and several digestive enzymes: pancreatic amylase (starch and glygogen), pancreatic lipases (fats), proteases (proteins) and nucleases (nucleic acids).

What does the pancreas consist of?

An endocrine part and an exocrine part. The exocrine pancrease comprises of numerous acini and teit ducts and the endocrine part has pancreatic islets scattered among the acini and ducts.

How does the bilary system work?

Bile is made in the liver, stored between meals in the gallbladder and secreted when food is present into the common bile duct. The common bileduct and the pancreatic duct from the apulla of vater (common passageway). The juices are regulated by the sphincter of Oddi.

What are Kupffer cells?

Found in the walls of the sinusoids in the liver, these hepatic macrophages phagocytose bacteria, old red blood cells and other debris from the blood flowing through the liver.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Mens en dierkunde II | Wageningen

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