Summary: Methodology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Methodology

• Lecture 1 - Introduction

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• On what 3 things is everyday knowledge based?

  - Personal experience (it's a fact, because it happened to me)
  - Authority (My mom says that)
  - Tradition (this is the way it's always been done)

• In what things can everyday knowledge result?

  - Inaccurate observations
  - Overgeneralizations
  - Do illogical reasoning
  - Selective observation

• Lecture 2

• What are the 3 approaches to theoretical contribution according to sandberg and alvesson?

  - Confusion spotting (can be corrected through research)
  - neglect spotting (overlooked area in a field can be researched)
  - application spotting (when certain applications are overlooked)

• What are the different levels of theory and research questions?

  - Micro level (focus on individuals)
  - Meso level (focus on industries)
  - Macro level (focus on broad group like society, nations)

• Lecture 3 - Philosophy of science

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• What are the steps in the induction process?

  - Select topic -> gather data -> formulate specific questions -> look for pattern in data -> develop theory -> compare theory

• What are the steps in the deduction process?

  Theory -> hypothesis -> data collection -> findings -> hypotheses supported or not -> revision of theory

• What is the abduction theory?

  An observation is made, for which a most logical explanation is trying to be found. The observation is basically the conclusion, for which a premise should be found.

• What are the 2 ontological positions?

  - Objectivism (everything can be measured, etc.)
  -Subjectivism/ social constructionism

• What are the 5 epistemological positions?

  - Positivsm
  - Realism (direct and critical)
  - Interpretivism
  - Postmodernism
  - Pragmatism

• What is the difference between direct and critical realism?

  With direct realism 'what you see is what you get', while in critical realism it is believed that our senses deceive us. There is such a thing as an objective world, but we don't get to see it.