Future science

13 important questions on Future science

How did Diederik Stapel manage the research process with his students and collaborators?

- Stapel kept raw data from his students and collaborators
- He claimed to be the only one with access to research participants and facilities
- He provided his students with data already collected by himself
- Stapel would become defensive when questioned about data collection

What are some 'false' incentives in science that may hinder scientific progress?

• More publications
• Better resume
• More funding
• ≠ Better publications

What are the vulnerabilities in current research practice as identified by Munafò et al.?

- Hypothesis generation includes the failure to control for bias.
- Study design may suffer from low statistical power.
- Poor quality control can be an issue during study conduct and data collection.
- P-hacking can occur during data analysis and hypothesis testing.
- Interpretation of results is susceptible to P-hacking and HARKing.
- Publication bias affects the publishing and/or conducting of the next experiment.
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What is Preregistration in the context of Open Science?

Preregistration consists of a research proposal and analysis plan. It commits to the type of analysis, selection of outcome measure, exclusion criteria for outliers, etc. This approach involves a priori decided hypothesis testing and allows for exploratory analyses for unexpected findings.

What is HARKing in the context of research?

HARKing stands for Hypothesizing After the Results are Known. It refers to the practice of presenting exploratory post hoc hypotheses as though they were a priori hypotheses, which can lead to inflated significance levels.

What is P-hacking in the context of research?

P-hacking involves the unethical practice of manipulating statistical analyses until statistically significant results are found. This can lead to false positives and undermines the credibility of research findings by increasing the likelihood of Type I errors.

What is Publication bias in research?

Publication bias occurs when the publication of research findings is influenced by the nature and direction of the results. This bias can lead to an overrepresentation of statistically significant results in the published literature, skewing the overall perception of the research area.

What does "open access" refer to in the context of open science and the accessibility of information?

Open access allows reading scientific journals without individual article payments.
• Provides materials, instructions, scripts for analysis, etc. online upon request.

How can information be made accessible online in the realm of open science?

• Providing materials online upon request.
• Making instructions, scripts for analysis, etc., available online.

What are some key points about Berko's study from 1958?

• Highly influential study
• Much higher demands in replicability
• Participant description lacking
• Ethical clearance missing

Would the method section of Berko's study from 1958 be accepted for publication today?

No, the method section of Berko's study from 1958 would not be accepted for publication today due to missing participant description and ethical clearance.

When was the study by Berko conducted?

The study by Berko was conducted in 1958.

What was the date of the conclusion of Berko's study?

The conclusion of Berko's study was on December 23rd, 1958.

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