Diagnostic Microbiology + Epidemiology (MIC 10)

19 important questions on Diagnostic Microbiology + Epidemiology (MIC 10)

What are different laboratory identifications from clinical specimens?

  • Immunological assays
  • Growth-dependent microbiology
  • Molecular assays
  • Antigen assays

How should specimens be obtained and handled?


  • Specimen should be obtained from site of infection
  • Sample must be taken aseptically
  • Sample size must be large enough
  • Metabolic requirements for the organism must be maintained during sampling, storage, and transport

How can urine be cultured?

  • General purpose media
  • Selective media
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What are the normal conditions of urine?

Normally there are no bacteria in urine in bladder but bacteria colonize urethra.

What are antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests?

  • Disk diffusion test: antibiotic filters
  • Broth dilution method
  • Etest: determines the MIC

What is the in vivo importance of antibiotic drugs?


Can the drug reach the site of infection? If so, in sufficient concentrations to kill the microorganism?

What can be done when a pathogen is growing too slow?

Molecular techniques can be used, such as PCR.

What are chronic infections?

When there is a good balance between host and pathogen and both survive.

What is an acute infection?

Rapid and dramatic disease onset and a relatively quick return to health.

What happened in 1918 that had a high mortality?

The Spanish flu.

What happened after 1980 that increased the mortality?

After 1980 there was more wealth, this caused people to travel and new diseases occurred in new countries (that travelled with the humans).

When is a disease epidemic?


A disease is an epidemic when it occurs in an unusually large number of people in a population at the same time.

What is an endemic disease?

An endemic disease is one that is constantly present in a population, usually in low numbers.

What is a disease outbreak?


A disease outbreak occurs when a number of cases of a disease are reported in a short period of time

What is meant with subclinical infections?

Diseased individuals that show no, or mild symptoms.

What are the stages of disease progression?

  1. Infection
  2. Incubation period
  3. Acute period
  4. Decline period
  5. Convascelent period

What is direct host-to-host transmission?

Occurs when an infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediate.

What is indirect host-to-host transmission?


Occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or non-living vehicle.

Which factors influence R0? And in what way?

Virulence factors of pathogen increase the R0.
Epidemiological measures decrease the R0.

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