Airborne Bacterial and Viral diseases + Vectorborne Bacterial and Viral diseases (MIC 11)
39 important questions on Airborne Bacterial and Viral diseases + Vectorborne Bacterial and Viral diseases (MIC 11)
How can infectious disease be transmitted?
- Transmission by vector
- Direct transmission (STD)
- Infection by ingestion
- Infection by inhalation
Which transmission forms are most common?
Which transmission form is most dangerous?
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How are airborne pathogens transmitted?
What are airborne pathogens dependent on?
- The pathogen (has to be highly infectious)
- Droplet size (small enough to be able to reach the lungs)
- Distance
- Conditions (sunlight, wind, humidity, enclosed or open space)
How is the upper respiratory tract protected against pathogens?
It also has a ring of lymph nodes.
How is the lower respiratory tract protected against pathogens?
- Alveolar macrophages
- IgG
- IgA
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Surfactant
What are bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Cornyebacterium diphtheria
- Myobacterium tuberculosis
Can streptococci colonize without infection?
Can cornyebacterium diphtheria colonize without infection?
What does streptococcus pyogenes cause?
What does streptococcus pneumoniae cuase?
What does cornyebacterium diphtheria cause?
What happens after cornyebacterium diphtheria has infected a host?
What does myobacterium tuberculosis cause?
Is tuberculosis an acute infection or a chronic disease?
What happens after infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis?
What will cause death when infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis? How long does this take?
Are streptococcus pyogenes, cornyebacterium diphtheriae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis upper or lower respiratory tract causing pathogens?
What viruses cause respiratory tract infections?
- Influenza
- Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
What are the spikes on the envelope of an influenza virus?
- Hemagglutunin
- Neuraminidase
What is the function of neuraminidase?
What is antigenic shift?
Major changes in influenza virus antigens by gene exchange.
What are conditions for optimal spread of the influenza virus?
- Infection is the upper respiratory tract
- Large number of viral particles
- Free and singular viral particles
What happens after infection with VZV?
The VZV remains in the body and can cause a permanent infection later in life. What is this infection called?
How are zoonosis diseases transmitted?
- Direct contact
- Aerosols
- Vectors
- Food
What is typical for rabies (hondsdolheid)?
What are amplifier species?
What are anthropod transmitted diseases?
- Lyme disease
- Malaria
- Yellow fever
- Plague
What are anthropods that transmit diseases?
- Mosquitos
- Ticks
- Lice
- Horsefly
- Fleas
What are advantages for pathogens transmitted via anthropods?
- They can travel longer distances
- They can infect multiple hosts
- They can multiply inside the vector
- The vector perforates the skin (protection of the host) giving the pathogen acces to the bloodstream
What are disadvantages for pathogens transmitted via anthropods?
- Survival of pathogen dependent on survival host (tsetse fly)
- Multiplication inside vector should not limit fitness vector
- Specialization in different mammalian hosts (dependent on host-specificity of vector)
What are the different stages of Lyme disease?
- 1st stage: red ring around bite. In this stage Lyme disease can easily be treated by antibiotics.
- 2nd stage: chronic infection
- 3rd stage: damage to central nervous system
B. burgdorferibelongs to the spirochetes. What does this mean?
- Internal flagella
- No LPS
And thus difficult to identify for the immune system
What are arbo viruses?
What are the symptoms of yellow fever?
What were two experiments that led to the discovery of yellow fever transmission via mosquitos?
- Two groups of healthy (paid) volunteers - One group in filthy cabin with old dirty linen, but with insect screens
- One group in clean cabins but with open windows - Use of mosquitos that had fed on yellow fever patients
What is the causing agent of yellow fever?
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