Animal health & sustainability
25 important questions on Animal health & sustainability
The 4 principal dimensions of sustainable diets
- Health & Nutrition
- Environment
- Economy
- Culture
Together --> sustainable diets
What are the green house gas emissions
- Global warming and GHG's
- Energy intake and conversion by a cow
- Rumen (enteric) fermentation
- De-nitrification in soil
Which 3 gasses are there that can cause global warming potential
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) --> 1
- Methane (CH4) --> 25
- Nitrous oxide (N2O) --> 298
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The fossil energy use can be separated in 4 categorisch
Also the green house gas emission can be separated in 4 categorisch
- Feed + Fertilizer = 34%
- Energy
- N2O emission
- 18% Green house gas emission
- Farm = 12%
- Rumen
- Soil identification
- Energy
- 68% Green house gas emission
- Processing = 31%
- Energy
- 6% Green house gas emission
- Consumer + waste = 23%
- Energy
- 8% Green house gas emission
On the farm 12% of energy goes in and 68% in GHG goes out. In which 3 forms is this
N2O = 40%
CO2 = 10%
How does the energy concession by cows look like?
- Feed 100 %
Out
- 36% is used for metabolism
- Milk 21%
- Meat 2%
- Manure 35%
- Methane 6%
Where does the nitrous oxide come from?
What are the two main uses of energy?
High % of energy used for maintenance in areas with low milk yield
Does animal feed compete with human food?
What are the priorities of animal health and animal welfare?
- Mastitis
- 25% of cows have clinical mastitis
- Reproduction
- fertility goes down by 1% per year
- Lameness
- over 30% of cows have claw problems
Priority welfare
- pasturing
What are the risk factors of infection - Mastitis
- Poor hygiene during milking
- Poor hygiene of the stall/milk parlour, etc
- Metabolic status of the cow
What is the self defence of the cow against mastitis? And what is the treatment
- Teat-end
- Somatic cells
- Antimicrobial components (e.g. Lactoferrin)
Treatment
- Antibiotics
There are two types of mastitis, which ones?
- Visible symptoms udder (swollen) and/or milk (clotting)
Subclinical mastitis
- Increase in somatic cell count, changes in milk composition
- Much more common
- If not treated: clinical mastitis
Which changes happen in milk when a cow has mastitis?
- Lactose down
- Casein down
- Total fat down
- Whey protein up
- Short chain FA up
- Ions up
What are the thinks you can do about mastitis prevention - good milking routine?
- Wearing gloves
- Forestripping
- Udder preparation
- Post-dipping
- Focus on milking equipment
- Bacterial analysis is the key for mastitis diagnosis
What can be the associated costs of mastitis?
- Veterinarian
- Drugs
- Labour
- Expenditures to control disease
Losses:
- Decrease in milk production
- Discarded milk
- Changed in milk price
- Culling
Which 3 forms of lameness are there
- Non-infectious
- predisposed by rumen acidosis
Mortelaro
- Infectious
- Wet and muddy conditions
Stinky feet
- Infectious
- Wet and warm
What are the consequences of lameness?
- Discomfort for the cow
Animal welfare
- prolonged calving interval
- Decreased milk production (little changes in milk composition)
- Veterinary call
- Eventual antibiotic use --> milk withdrawal
- if not handled properly possible culling
- If infectious --? Cow set apart: sad cow vs happy cow --> extra work for the farmer
Economic losses
How does the energy balance in cows look like?
- Energy intake (EI)
- feed intake
- Energy output (EO)
- milk
- maintenance
- anticity
- growth
What is the (Mis)use of antibiotics?
- Main casus of antibiotic use is mastitis
- risk of transfer to the milk: withdrawal time
- causes problems with fermented dairy products
- Destruction of milk and/or product recalls
- To prevent antibiotics resistance: 2013 vs 2009 there was a reduction of approx. 60%
- currently: reduction of 70% until the end of 2015
What is the relation between animal health % sustainability?
- Animal wel fare itself is relevant
- many diseases reduce productivity, and if chronic, can lead to culling of cows
- involuntary culling reduces lifetime
- diseases are often interrelated
- negative energy balance can make cows more susceptible to other diseases, including mastitis
- mastitis can lead to reduced fertility
- negative energy balance and mastitis, by reducing fertility can impact culling
How much energy is used in the dutch dairy chain?
Total energy consumption in the NL is 3200 PJ/year
Where is most of the energy from the dutch dairy chain used?
Processing
De energy consumptie in feed production and processing kunnen worden opgedeeld in ...
- Fertilizer (6,3)
- wet concentrate (1,5)
- concentrate (12,7)
Processing (19,2)
- Powder + rest (12,1)
- cheese (5,1)
- milk products (2,0)
What are the important topics of sustainability in the dairy chain?
- Feed energy and protein efficiencies
- Animal Health and Welfare
- Energy use in the dairy chain
- Land use
- Land/water pollution
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