Summary: Mobile Systems

Read the summary and the most important questions on Mobile Systems

• 1 User-Centered Design

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• Difference beween interaction with mobile and desktop systems (Chittaro):

  -   Mobile devices are limited in their input-output capacities (screen, keyboard, buttons, sound)

  
  

  -   Less powerful hardware

  
  

  -   Limited support for multimedia and multimodal application

  
  

  -   Slower connectivity

  
  

  -   Context has much deeper effects on interaction

  
  

• Context effects on the move (Chittaro):

  -   Hardware: small screen, limited I/O

  
  

  -   Perceptual: Physical parameters (illumination, noise, vibration, notion) are limiting/excluding modalities

  
  

  -   Motor: Mobile conditions impair user's ability to fine control the movements (sitting in a car)

  
  

  -   Social: Social norms related to different environment (sound in theatre)

  
  

  -   Cognitive: limited attention to interaction

• Three types of user's distraction caused by mobile devices (Chittaro):

  -   General withdrawal of attention: eyelid closure or eye glances away

  
  

  -   Selective withdrawal of attention: selective filtering of information based on expectations rather than the actual situation

  
  

  -   Mechanic interference: body shifts out of the neutral position (reaching for a mobile phone)

• Exploit context awareness to minimize attention requirements and cognitive workload in 3 levels (Chittaro):

  -   Information: only relevant information to the task at hand

  
  

  -   Modalities: device should choose the best modalities or combination of modalities to the task and context

  
  

  -   Functions: offer functions which are helpful, and disable functions that users cannot do in the current situation

• Jordan (2000) framework of pleasure:

  -   Physio-pleasure (tactile feedback)

  
  

  -   Socio-pleasure (social interaction)

  
  

  -   Psycho-pleasure (usability)

  
  

  -   Ideo-pleasure (supporting values)

• 4 Design approaches (Cooper et al.):

  -   User-Centered Design: Focus on users, their goals, needs, and context

  
  

  -   Activity-Centered Design: Main focus on activities

  
  

  -   Systems Design: Consider needs of the system as a whole. System included people as well as multiple devices

  
  

  -   Genius Design: Only works for experienced designers (Apple)

• Evaluation Methods (Bentley & Barrett):

  -   Home tours, Field visits

  
  

  -   Diary/voicemail studies, Probes

  
  

  -   Semi-structured interviews

  
  

  -   Content analysis

  
  

  -   Field trial with prototype

  
  

  -   Instrumentation

  
  

  -   Usability Evaluation (KLM - GOMS (Goals, Operations, Methods, and Selection rules), Questionnaires)

• User-Centered Design Process

  -   Ideation

  
  

  -   Design

  
  

  -   Build

  
  

  -   Test

  
  

  -   Observation

• Maslov (hierarchical ordering of needs):

  -   Physiological

  
  

  -   Safety

  
  

  -   Love/belongings

  
  

  -   Esteem

  
  

  -   Self-actualization

• 2 Evaluation

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• Keystroke Level Modelling (KLM):

  -   Evaluation method that does not require users

  
  

  -   Model sequence of operations to level of individual keystrokes

  
  

  -   Assign durations to each operation

  
  

  -   Based on GOMS method (Goals, Operations, Methods, Selection rules)

  
  

  -   Useful for comparing designs in terms of efficiency