The History of Neuropsychology
14 important questions on The History of Neuropsychology
Who was Vesalius and what did he do?
Even though human dissection was banned by The Apostle's Creed (fear that mutilation would result in the inability of the body to be resurrected), he carried out dissection.
He found:
200+ errors with Galen's anatomy:
- demonstrated that Galen's view on circulation was incorrect - he found all blood vessels originate in the heart. The heart arteries and veins form one cycle
- demonstrated that Galen's view on nerves was incorrect - he found that nerves stem from the brain and transmit sensation and motions commands
- he found that nerves are not hollow
What did Galvini (1737-1798) study?
What did Gall propose (1758-1828)?
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What did Flourens (1794-1867) find?
Cerebellum: coordinated movement
Medulla: basic life functioning
Cerebral hemisphere: higher cognitive function
Tested on animals - if you have a lesion in the brain it will effect behaviour
- he suggested that the amount of tissue damage was important regarding lesions rather than the localisation of different functions. This is wrong, it is localisation that is important. Although the greater the mass of impaired tissue, the more disrupted the behaviour
Why was Flourens unable to localise specific functions?
- humans & animals are cognitively different e.g. speech
- one area of the brain can effect multiple areas of the body
- impairments weren't tested
- you need specific tests to observe specific changes in behaviour - maybe he didn't have the resources?
Who was Broca's famous patient? What did Broca find?
Patient Tan - had a left hemisphere lesion
= good speech comprehension skills
= impaired speech production skills (he could only say "Tan")
Broca's area
Left frontal lobe
Inferior frontal gyrus
He found: Verbal abilities confined to the left hemisphere = lateralisation
= language is an example of lateralisation
Who was Wernicke? (1848-1905) What did he find?
- intact speech production
- deficit in speech comprehension
(opposite of Broca's patients)
Wernicke’s area
Posterior section of superior
Temporal gyrus
What did Wernicke add that we didn't already know from Broca's patient? What do they both show?
Wernicke = example of double dissociation
= Speech production and comprehension must be separable since either can be damaged in isolation
What did Brodmann (1909) discover?
What did Hughlings Jackson find (1835-1911)?
What did Von Monakow find?
What did Head (1926) discover?
What did Lashley (1890-1958) discover?
= A non-damaged area of the brain is capable of recovering the function of the damaged area.
What did Luria (1902-1977) propose?
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