Neurons & Glia

20 important questions on Neurons & Glia

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus inside a cell?

Sorting of newly made proteins so they can be inserted into the membrane

Where is the Smooth Endoplasic Reticulum and what is it's role?

Inside soma.
Function:
Processing of protein molecules
Regulating the internal concentration of substances inside the soma

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Involved in ATP--> Combines food with oxygen --> Cell fuel
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Where in the cell is oxygen combined with food?

Mitochondria

What is the big difference between axons and dendrites, besides function?

No protein synthesis in the axon

What is the start & end of an Axon?

Start of the axon: Axon hillock
End: Synapse/Axon Terminal

If an axon is thicker the signal:

Faster travelling of signal

What is the difference between Axon & Axon terminal (contents)?

Microtubulus: Not in terminal
Terminal contains synaptic vesicles (for neurotransmitters)
Axon Terminal --> needs more energy --> More mitchondria

What is Axoplasmic transport?

Ribosomes make protein, not in the axon.
Axoplasmic transport = transport of these proteins through axon (Anterorgade Axonal Transport)

What are Unipolar, Bipolar and Multipolar neurons?

Unipolar: 1 neurite (which then forms axon & dendrite)
Bipolar: 1 axon, 1 dendrite
Multipolar:   1 axon, many dendrites

What is the difference: Primary sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons?

Primary sensory neurons: Neurites in sensory surface of body
Interneuron: Neurites to other neurons
Motor neurons: Synapses with muscles

What types of Glia are there?

- Astrocytes: Remove neurotransmitters
- Myelinating Glia: Make myelin on axons for speed
- Microglia: Remove debris

What types of Myelinating Glia are here and what is the difference between the 2?

Schwaan cells: Myelinate PNS
Oligodendroglia: Myelinate CNS

What is the function of Microglia? What seperates them from other glia?

Remove debris left by dead/degenerating neurons & glia
Can pass blood brian barrier

What types of microscopes do we use?

Normal: Light
Electron: Electron beam
Laser: Neuron molecules fluoresce at different wavelengths

What lab-technique is used to see if a gene gets expressed by mRNA synthesizing proteins?

Take mRNA from 2 brains --> Put them in a pipetje
Stain 1 brain green. 1 brain red.
Poffertjes pan met elk poffertje --> Different gene
Put both the colored brain shit in
Genes of expression can be seen based on what color they get

What is gene-targetting in mice?

Inject & Integrate exogenous (from other souce) DNA
Need viral DNA to inject.
exogenous DNA can be altered before injection

What are neurofibillary tangles? What does it cause?

- Dead neurons where the neurofilaments are gone

Consequence:
- Tau detaches from microtubulus and there is too much Too in the Soma

(Alzheimers)

What reterograde transport happens from the axon to the soma?

Reterograde (back):
- HRP: Horseradish Peroxidase taken up by axon terminals & back to the soma

What difference do low-functioning children have in terms of their neurons?

Dendrites have less spines
Dendrite spines they have are longer
(Human fetus has these same dendrites)

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