Chemical control of brain & Behavior
27 important questions on Chemical control of brain & Behavior
Where is the secretory thalamus and what are it's functions?
Function: Hypothalamus?
- Integratiomn of somatic & visceral responses with the needs of the brain
What do temporature cells in the hypothalamus do?
- Shivering
- Goose bumps
- Blood volume change
- Glucose cocentration
What are the 3 structures of the hypothalamus? (& functions)
Medial: Brain stem connector
Periventricular: Autonomic nervous system control (connects to pituitary gland)
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What is the function of the Pituitary gland?
What do autonomic ganglia contain?
What are postganglionic neurons?
What are preganglionic neurons?
- LONG axons
In what part of the spinal cord do preganglionic neurons lie? Where do the axons go?
Axons go to: Ventral roots to synapses with neurons of ganglia in the sympathetic chain (next to spinal column??)
Is the enteric division dependent on brain activity?
- Pick up chemical status of stomach & hormone levels
Use this info to:
- Guide smooth muscles
- Produce mocous & other digestive secrations
- Guide blood vessel diameter
Still: Receives guidance from sympathetic and parasympathtic systems
What is epinephrine & what is its function?
Where is most of the central control of the autonomic nervous system?
Nucleus of the solitary tract (medulla, connected to hypothalamus)
using: Epinephrine/adrenaline
What is the most common preganglionic neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system? How does it work?
Immediate effect
- Ach binds to nicotinic Ach receptor --> Ach gated channels open --> Fast excitatory post-synaptic signal
What is the difference between Ganglionic Acetylcholine and Neuromusclura Acetylcholine?
Ganglionic: immediate effects
- Bind to Ach receptor --> Ach gated channels open --> Fast & excitatory
Neuromuscluar Ach:
- Cause ion channels to open/close --> Slow EPSP & IPSS
What are the postganglionic neurotransmitters of the parasympathetic nervous system? And the sympathetic one?
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine
What is the function of a diffuse modulatory system?
What brain regions are involved in the Ascending Reticular Activating System?
Raphe Nuclei
Locus Coeruleus: Function, neurotransmitter, where do the axons go?
Axons: Everywhere
Function, involved in but does not run:
- Attention
- Arousal
-Sleep/wake
- Learning/memory
Raphe Nuclei: Neurotransmitter, where do the axons go?
Axons
- Each Raphe nucleus goes to different CNS regions
- Caudal: Pain-related sensory signals in the medulla
- Rostral: Pons & midbrain (diffuse)
Substantia Nigra: Function & neurotransmitter?
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
(parkinsons)
Ventral Tegmental Area: Function & Neurotransmitter
(learning vgm?)
What is the Basal Forebrain Complex & What Neurotransmitter does it use?
Complex: Cholinergic neurons that are scattered among the nuclei of the telencephalon:
- Medial Septal Nuclei: Chollinergic innervation of hippcampus
- Basal nucleus of Meynert: Cholinergic innervation of the neocortex
In what structure is LSD an agonist to what neurotransmitter?
What is the effect of LSD on the CNS and is this the only way LSD works?
- Less outflow of the serotinergic modulatory system
But:
- Silencing raphe nuclei neurons --> Does not mimic LSD
- Raphe nuclei destroyed: Animals still respond to LSD
On what neurotransmitter do cocaine & amphetamines work?
- Dopaminergic synapses
- Noadrenergic systems
How does cocaine & amphetamines work on dopamine & norepinephrine?
Drugs block uptake of catehcolamine
- Cocaine is more DA selective
What do amphetamines with regards to neurotransmitters?
Stimulates the release of domaine
Why is addiction such a problem with cocaine & amphetamines/
- Normally used to reinforce adaptive behaviors
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