Neurotransmitter systems
34 important questions on Neurotransmitter systems
What is special about metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors?
What types op intracellular responses can be triggered by 2nd messengers?
- Protein phosphorylation
- Gene transcription
- Opening of ion channels
What are examples of 2nd messengers?
- cAMP
- Diacylglycerol
- Calcium
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Where is acetylcholine (mainly) released?
What transports acetylcholine into the vesicles?
How is the signal of acetylcholine terminated?
How does the vesicle acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) work?
What are the two different types of acetylcholine receptors? What is the difference?
Nicotinic: ionotropic receptors. Upon binding of ACh, rotation along axis and opening of pore.
Muscarinic: metabotropic receptors. GPCR, activated α-unit and activated β/γ-unit upon ACh binding
What type of ACh receptor is present on the heart muscle and what is the effect when ACh binds?
Effect: decreased rate & force of contraction
What happens if you inject or inhale α-bungarotoxin or curare?
What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate?
How is glutamate transported into the vesicles?
How is the glutamate signal terminated?
What is the glutamate-glutamine cycle?
What are the different glutamate receptors?
Metabotropic receptors (mGluRs)
What is special about NMDA receptors?
NMDA receptors are needed for LTP (long-term potentiation).
What is special about the mGluRs?
How can you get too much glutamate, what is this called and what happens? How can it stop?
This is called excitotoxicity.
Glial cells can stop this effect by taking up the glutamate.
What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?
How is GABA produced?
How is GABA transported into vesicles?
How is the signal of GABA terminated?
What is important to know about GABA-A receptors?
These receptors are often targets of anaesthetics.
What are bezodiazepines or barbiturates?
What is picrotoxin? When is this used?
Catecholamines can only be made by certain neurons in the brain. Where can noradrenaline be made?
Catecholamines can only be made by certain neurons in the brain. Where can adrenaline be made?
What are the monoamine receptors?
Monoamines have only metabotropic receptors. However there is 1 exception. What is this?
What is special about neuropeptides?
What are unconventional neurotransmitters? Can you give two examples?
Examples: endocannabinoids and NO
Where can endocannabinoids bind?
- In substantia nigra (pleasure, reward)
- In cerebellum (motor control)
- In hippocampus (early formation of memory)
What is special about endocannabinoids (two things)?
We can make these ourselves out of lipids.
What is retrogade feedback?
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