Excitation-contraction coupling
20 important questions on Excitation-contraction coupling
What is the membrane potential of a cell determined by (2)?
2. Permeability to ions.
(Normally membranes are not permeable to ions, but they have specialized channels for these ions.)
What direction is the gradient of Na+ and Ca2+ over the membrane during the resting potential?
How is the permeability of the membrane to Na+, Ca2+ and K+ during the resting potential?
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Why is the resting membrane potential negative, despite of a high K+ concentration inside the cell?
During the membrane resting potential, the K+ channels are open, so K+ can freely move in and out. What are the two forces that influence K+ flow, and where is the equilibrium reached?
- these forces reach an equilibrium at -85 mV
What induces an action potential?
What do the Ca2+ channels do?
What is the prepotential (spontaneous depolarization) in the SA node due to?
What two factors in the SA node cells determine your heart rate?
- velocity of depolarization: the slope of the prepotential
What happens with your heart and organs during excersise?
When the stress is over, how does the parasympethatic nervous system cause your heart rate to go normal again?
- which causes the K+ channels to go more open,
- which leads to a more negative resting potential,
- which causes your heart rate to go down
Why is the refractory period key to the function of the cardiomyocytes?
- so a fill-pump-fill-pump rythm
Why is the refractory period not functional in skeletal muscles?
How is the link between the contraction-relaxation behaviour and the pumping of the heart called?
Which ion is responsible for the pumping behaviour of the heart?
What is the function of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)?
- CICR happens when Ca2+ from the action potential enters the cell, after which Ca2+ is released from an organel in the cell
How does the cell relax after contraction?
How does Ca2+ cause contraction of the cell?
What is ATP needed for during muscle contraction?
What is the contraction force of the cardiomyocytes determined by (2)?
- By the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+
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