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Culture and Morality

4 important questions on Culture and Morality

David Hume described morality as:

“Morality is determined by sentiment. It defines virtue to be whatever mental action or quality gives to a spectator the pleasing sentiment of approbation (approval or praise); and vice the contrary.”

Kohlberg identified three levels and six stages, which one's?

- Level one: Self-interested orientation. Children’s first sense of right and wrong develops from the punishments or rewards that follow their behavior.
- Level two: Conventional moral reasoning - judgement is based on approval from others.
- Level three: Postconventional moral reasoning - higher principles of morality are used to guide behavior. A behavior may be conventionally wrong, but there may also be circumstances in which the behavior is acceptable, or even preferred.

Haidt’s Principles:

- Affect is primary - emotions come before moral evaluation.

- The building blocks of human morality is emotional - sympathy, anger, affection.

- Some of these emotions were present before homo sapiens split off some 5 - 7 million years ago. Language and the ability to engage in moral reasoning came much later, perhaps in the last 100,000 years.

- Note that there is a distinction then between moral intuition and moral reasoning.

- Moral intuition is fast, automatic, and affect laden.

- Moral reasoning is controlled, conscious, and “cooler”.

Haidt’s Principles:
- 3. Morality binds and builds, explain what the third principle is.

Consider the example of superorganisms, like bees. Because there is one

queen, the colony is all very closely related so self-sacrifice by any single bee is not a genetic cost (genetic replication can still occur). The hive carries forward the dead bee’s genes.

- For bees and a handful of other species, selection occurs at the group level.

- For many years this was thought to not be the case for humans...

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Culture and Morality

4 important questions on Culture and Morality

David Hume described morality as:

Kohlberg identified three levels and six stages, which one's?

Haidt’s Principles:

Haidt’s Principles:- 3. Morality binds and builds, explain what the third principle is.

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Haidt’s Principles:
- 3. Morality binds and builds, explain what the third principle is.