Nutrition and cancer prevention
13 important questions on Nutrition and cancer prevention
An interplay of different factors (3), different for each separate cancer
- Inherited susceptibility
- Environment & lifestyle
- Bad luck
What are limitations of case-control studies?
- Retrospective assessment of intake
- Recall bias (information bias)
- Interviewer bias (information bias)
- Selection bias, not representative
- Non-response depending on exposure
- Reverse causality: chicken or egg
What are limitations of cohort studies?
- Large studies, depending on incidence
- Long follow-up, depending on time to cancer diagnosis
- Misclassification of intake
- Within cohort range of intake may be limited
- Diets are not constant over time, repeated measurements
(The is no flipping of a coin in this study, just asking)
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What is confounding [pitfall all observational studies]
What is the conclusion of a meta-analysis on alcohol and breast cancer
There is heterogeneity
Which gradings can be made to grade the evidence?
- Convincing
- Probable
- Limited evidence - suggestive
- Limited evidence - no conclusion
- Substantial effect on risk unlikely
Potential underlying mechanisms of body fatness and cancer
- Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, (insulin) growth factors
- Chronic inflammation, e.g. Alterations in TNF, IL6, MIF levels
- Adipokines, e.g. Increase in leptin, decrease in adiponectin
- Sex hormones, e.g. Increase in oestrogen's
- Vitamin D deficiency
Potential underlying mechanisms of physical activity and cancer
- Reducing body fatness
- Sex hormones, e.g. Decrease in oestrogen's
- Reduced transit time in bowel
- Higher vitamin D levels (if outside)
Vegetables and fruits intake reduces risk of cancer of the:
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Lung (fruits)
Potential underlying mechanisms of dietary fibre and CRC
- Formation of short chain fatty acids by bacteria. Butyrate reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis
- Reduction of transit time. Reduces the contact between the intestinal content and the mucosa
- Reduction of insuline resistance
- Fibre-rich foods are important sources of phyto-estrogens ?
What proportion of cancer cases could we prevent if the pollution at large would eat healthy, would have a healthy body weight and would be more physically active?
What is the most important dietary factor in the NL associated with cancer
What are the 10 recommendations for cancer prevention
- Be a healthy weight
- Be physically active
- Eat a diet rich in wholegrain, vegetables, fruit and beans
- Limit consumption of 'fast food' and other processed foods high in fat, starches of sugars
- Limit consumption of red and processed meat
- Limit consumption of sugar sweetened drinks
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Do not use supplements for cancer prevention
- For mothers: breastfeed your baby, if you can
- After a cancer diagnosis: follow our recommendations, if you can
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
