MOOC 1 Cardiometabolic Disease risk
19 important questions on MOOC 1 Cardiometabolic Disease risk
What are the underlying disease processes or pathophysiology of the 2 clusters of Cardiometabolic Diseases (coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes)
- Insulin resistance
- Low-grade Inflammation
- Dyslipidemia - abnormal levels of cholesterol and other lipids in the blood
- Hypertension - high blood pressure
- Vascular dysfunction - abnormalities in the blood vessels
When the plaque ruptures (breken/scheuren), you are really in trouble. What happens?
--> less oxygen is supplied to the tissues.
When that happens in the coronary arteries of heart, it causes an acute coronary syndrome, like unstable angina, with severe chest pain.
Loss of heart muscle tissue can occur, causing a heart attack or myocardial infarction
The worst-case scenario then a plaque ruptures is?
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When the heart is just too weak or stiff to pump the blood into the body, we call it ...
An infarction can happen to the heart, but also to the brain. How it is called and which 4 subcategories are there?
- ischemic stroke
- embolic stroke
- hemorrhagic stroke
- TIA or transient ischemic attack (a kind of mini-stroke)
A TIA (transient ischemic attack) =
- Kind of mini-stroke
- symptoms disappear within 24 hours
- causes NO permanent damage
- is a serious warning sign for a real stroke
Peripheral artery disease =
- The arteries in the leg can become narrowed because of atherosclerosis
- obstructed blood flow in the lower legs reduces the nutrient and oxygen supply to the calf muscles.
- causes pain during walking, a disorder called intermittent claudication
- after a bit of rest, the oxygen supply catches up and the patient can go a bit further
- nicknames: "window-shoppers disease"; "smoker's legs"
Types of cardiovascular disease
On which types are we focussing
- Coronary heart disease
- Stroke
- Peripheral Artery Disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Heart infections
- Damage to veins
We are focussing on ischemic forms of CVD, lik myocardial infarction and stroke, because they can be prevented
Type 1 is not cause by obesity or other lifestyle habits and it is not known how to prevent it. But there is some evidence that ...
Children who were breasted and started with solid foods at a later age seem to have some protection
Diabetes is also related to chronic kidney disease. this disease is characterised by
It can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant
Cardiometabolic diseases are mainly caused by lifestyle factors. What are the 3 factors that together explain almost 80% of all cardiometabolic diseases in western populations?
Smoking, Unhealthy eating and lack of exercise
Although lack of sleep, stress and noise are important factors that can all contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases, the three factors explaining most cases are smoking, unhealthy eating, and lack of exercise. These three factors determine most of the disease risk, while less than 10% can be explained solely from genetic factors
Which pathophysiological processes are commonly observed in coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and chronic kidney disease? Select all that apply.
Hypertension
Insulin resistance
Dyslipidaemia
Coronary heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and chronic kidney disease are part of the cluster of cardiometabolic diseases. People with cardiometabolic diseases often suffer from low-grade inflammation, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia.
What is/are (a) likely consequence(s) for the mother if the pregnancy is affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
- Complications during delivery
- Hypertension during pregnancy
- Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life
Women with GDM tend to develop hypertension during pregnancy, and they more often experience complications like obstructed labour. Women with GDM are more often diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years after delivery.
Score risk chart that European doctors use to ...
Isolated Systolic Hypertension =
Which is also a strong predictor of heart attack and stroke
Scientist have estimated that over 60% of Cardiometabolic disease can be attributed to only four biological risk factors. Which 4?
- Blood pressure
- Blood glucose
- Blood cholesterol
- Body mass index
These factors are modifiable by treatment and lifestyle
Causal pie model by Ken Rothman
Risk markers are not part of the pie, but can give an prediction of disease
Name 3 modifiable factors of CVD
Age, gender, genetic background are biological traits that cannot (easily) be influenced.. Instead, smoking, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol can be influenced by lifestyle or medical treatment.
What is meant by the "obesogenic environment'?
The obesogenic environment encourages people to live an unhealthy lifestyle, including poor diet and lack of exercise. Such environments, for example, show billboards that advertise fast-food, lack good cycling or walking paths or have vending machines with snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages at schools, and railway stations.
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