Pathophysiology of the heart
12 important questions on Pathophysiology of the heart
What is the Basic (smallest) contractile unit of myocardium?
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Sarcomere shortening, how does the relaxed state looks like and how does contraction looks like
How do the mitochondria make ATP?
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Which one is the most common heart arrhythmia?
What is Atrial Fibrillation (AF)?
(You see more tops and is irregular; There is no p-wave)
Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) + risk factors + consequences
- The most common arrhythmia without curative therapy
- Occurrence: >8% in people older than 65 years
- Risk factors
- obesity
- diabetes
- hypertension
- valvular heat disease
- heart failure
- chronic kidney disease etc.
- consequences
- discomfort
- morbidity (heart failure & stroke)
- mortality
There are 3 types of atrial remodelling in human AF, which ones?
- Structural remodelling
- degradation contractile proteins
- Metabolic remodelling
- mitochondria/ATP
- Electrical remodelling
- calcium mishandling
Why calcium is couple to contraction?
What kinds of vitamins might help to cure/prevent AF
B3
E
Antioxidants
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) =
- PARPs uses NAD as substrate to synthesise poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR)
- 17 members, 6 PARPs (1/2/3/4/5/6) have confirmed PARP activity
- PARP1 is the key enzyme consuming NAD, and it accounts for 85% part activity
- PARP1 is activated by DNA damage and its over-activation causes NAD depletion and cell death
PARP activation is involved in various cardiovascular diseases, namely
- Hypertrophy
- heart failure
- myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
- AF?
(Nicotinamide (PARP inhibitor) protects against contractile dysfunction in toch-aced HL-1 cardiomyocytes model for AF)
The molecular structure of PARP1
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