Pathophysiology of the heart

12 important questions on Pathophysiology of the heart

What is the Basic (smallest) contractile unit of myocardium?

Sarcomere

Bekijk de afbeelding goed!

Sarcomere shortening, how does the relaxed state looks like and how does contraction looks like

Zie de afbeelding

How do the mitochondria make ATP?

Het heeft een brandstof nodig (sugar, fat, protein, alcohol) en O2 en er komt uit CO2 en ATP
  • Higher grades + faster learning
  • Never study anything twice
  • 100% sure, 100% understanding
Discover Study Smart

Which one is the most common heart arrhythmia?

Atrial fibrillation

What is Atrial Fibrillation (AF)?

Rapid and irregular activation of the atrium


(You see more tops and is irregular; There is no p-wave)

Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) + risk factors + consequences

  • The most common arrhythmia without curative therapy
  • Occurrence: >8% in people older than 65 years
  • Risk factors
    • obesity
    • diabetes
    • hypertension
    • valvular heat disease
    • heart failure
    • chronic kidney disease etc.
  • consequences
    • discomfort
    • morbidity (heart failure & stroke)
    • mortality

There are 3 types of atrial remodelling in human AF, which ones?

  1. Structural remodelling
    1. degradation contractile proteins
  2. Metabolic remodelling
    1. mitochondria/ATP
  3. Electrical remodelling 
    1. calcium mishandling

Why calcium is couple to contraction?

Excitation-contration coupling

What kinds of vitamins might help to cure/prevent AF

Vitamin C
B3
E
Antioxidants


Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) =

  • PARPs uses NAD as substrate to synthesise poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR)
  • 17 members, 6 PARPs (1/2/3/4/5/6) have confirmed PARP activity
  • PARP1 is the key enzyme consuming NAD, and it accounts for 85% part activity
  • PARP1 is activated by DNA damage and its over-activation causes NAD depletion and cell death

PARP activation is involved in various cardiovascular diseases, namely

  • Hypertrophy
  • heart failure
  • myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
  • AF?



(Nicotinamide (PARP inhibitor) protects against contractile dysfunction in toch-aced HL-1 cardiomyocytes model for AF)

The molecular structure of PARP1

Afbeelding

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

  • A unique study and practice tool
  • Never study anything twice again
  • Get the grades you hope for
  • 100% sure, 100% understanding
Remember faster, study better. Scientifically proven.
Trustpilot Logo