L2 basic principles brain function
12 important questions on L2 basic principles brain function
What is the by product of oxidative phosphorylation (stress) in the mitochondria? And which 3 stages are there
Low amounts ROS
- Essential in neuronal development and function
Normal conditions
- ROS production neutralised by the antioxidant system
Oxidative stress
- ROS production exceeds capacity of antioxidant response system, extensive protein oxidation and lipid per oxidation occurs, causing oxidative damage, cellular degeneration, and even functional decline
Neuroinflammation is initiated by ...
Chronic inflammation sustained activation of ...
Sustained activation of glial cells and recruitment of other immune cells into the brain. [associated with neurodegenerative diseases]
What are the positive aspects of neuroinflammation and what are the negative aspects
- Transient (low) inflammation - immune to brain communication immune surveillance
- Neuroinflammatory (low) signalling - development, memory and learning
- Transient (med) inflammation - injury induced remodeling
- Transient (med) inflammation - immune pre-conditioning, euflammation
Negative
- Transient (high) inflammation - traumatic CNS injury
- Transient (med) inflammation - repeated social defeat stress
- Chronic (low) inflammation - ageing, TBI
- Chronic (high) inflammation - neurodeg
enerative disease
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What is vasoconstriction? And what can cause it? And where can it be induced by?
Cause: increased concentration of calcium (Ca2+ ions) in vascular smooth muscle cells
Can be induced by: Oxygen, caffeine, sodium, amphetamines, antihistamines, anaesthetics
What is vasodilation? And what can cause it? And where can it be induced by?
Cause: need for oxygen
Can be induced by: nitric oxide (NO, nitric oxide inducers, ethanol, capsaicin(chili), papaverine, estrogen
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
What happens with the cerebral blood flow if an individual is exposed to a high level of oxygen?
What are the 5 views to look at a brain?
- Frontal (van voor)
- Lateral (van de zijkant)
- Dorsal (boven naar beneden)
- Ventral (beneden naar boven)
- Medial (van midden uit)
Where is the Basal ganglia responsible for?
- Movement / Eye movements
- Procedural learning / Habit learning
- Decision making / motivation
- Emotion
Disorders
- Addiction
- Depression
- Parkinson's disease - Substantia Nigra
- Schizophrenia
The Substantia Nigra is part om the Basal ganglia
Where is the Limbic system responsible for?
- Emotion
- Memory
- Reward/Pleasure
- Olfaction
- Autonomic processes (e.g. Energy intake, sleep)
Disorders
- Addiction
- Depression
- Agression
- Alzheimer's disease
- ADHD
- Autism
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
Amygdala, Hippocampus and Hypothalamus are part of the Limbic system
What can you tell about the Hypothalamus? And where is the hypothalamus involved in?
- Sleep
- Energy homeostasis
- Thermoregulation
- Heart rate
Sexually dimorphisms
- Odor
- Estrogens
Link nervous and endocrine system
- neuroendocrine function
- Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus is involved in
- Stress
- (HPA-axis)
- (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis)
- Puberty [onset and regulation]
- (HPG-axis)
- (Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis)
- Energy homeostasis
What can you tell about the vagus nerve
- 12 cranial nerves
- Cranial nerve X
- A
ppetite regulation
- Mood
- Intestinal inflammation
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