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Learning goals

Q: Explain how food preferences are formed, learned and how certain preferences develop during childhood.

Bitter and sour: <0.5-1 year to learn preferences via exposure Vegetable acceptance: higher directly after intervention with exclusive introduction of vegetables (over fruit?) Flavor variety: enhances food acceptance exposure to 2 foods instead of just 1 will lead to higher consumption of another food reduction of food neophobia Sweet: preference very easy to increase, which can be a risk

Q: Describe parental influence on intake of (un)healthy food and understand Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological system model and how it affects the complexity of child eating behavior environment.

Parental influence healthy foods: active guidance and education under 6 years: verbal praise unhealthy foods: above 7 years: restrictive guiding and rule-making (mixed results) under 6 years: verbal praise Bronfenbrenner's ecological system model classifies the child's environment and people around them that influence them into microsystem: child itself mesosystem: family, religious institution, school, peers, etc exosystem: extended family, friends of family, neighbours, media, legal services, etc macrosystem: culture, social class, law, etc

5 important questions on Learning goals

Recognize and explain the development of the 5 basic tastes: sweet, bitter, sour, salt and umami in children.

Inborn:

preference for sweet

increases until 12 months, decreases after 12 months

aversion to (strong) bitter + sour

stable

Learned:

salt - in the first year

develops at 6 months (weaning), decreases after 12 months

Unsure:

umami

EX:

exposing infants to 4 types of drinks, and intake is highest of the fructose and sucrose drinks (with sweeter tastes than the other 2 drinks): shows innate preference for sweet
why do preferences (for sweet and salt) decrease after 12 months?

bc babies tested don't prefer bottle feeding in the tests anymore
bc babies tested are exposed to other newer and mixed tastes which are more interesting than just the basics

What are 3 mechanisms through which children learn to like certain tastes?

Familiarization: repeated exposure

mere exposure (consumption)
> physiological consequences (ex: safe digestion, satiation, hedonic, etc) + psychological consequences
> developing preferences
> repeated exposure: reinforcement of the preference

Associative learning/conditioning

Observational learning, modelling, imitation

Describe and understand when the effect of exposure begins (in utero and through the milk), and explain how this prepares baby for the taste pattern in their lives, understanding the early emergence and stability of food preferences.

In utero and through the milk:

effects of exposure already exist before birth and during breastfeeding

tastes are carried over from mother to baby

ultrasounds of babies in the womb after mother received vegetable capsule

bitter tastes (kale) > cry-face gestalt
nice tastes (carrot) > laughter-face gestalt

Stability of food preferences:

most food preferences

shaped at 2 years
stable for a long time

preferences are modifiable/adjustable
5 groups:
vegetables, animal products, dairy products, starchy foods, combined foods
stability:
early food preferences/choices are linked to preferences at later stages in life for some food groups

Explain how food preferences are formed, learned and how certain preferences develop during childhood.

Bitter and sour:

<0.5-1 year to learn preferences via exposure

Vegetable acceptance:

higher directly after intervention with exclusive introduction of vegetables (over fruit?)

Flavor variety:

enhances food acceptance

exposure to 2 foods instead of just 1 will lead to higher consumption of another food

reduction of food neophobia

Sweet:

preference very easy to increase, which can be a risk

Describe parental influence on intake of (un)healthy food and understand Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological system model and how it affects the complexity of child eating behavior environment.

Parental influence

healthy foods:

active guidance and education
under 6 years: verbal praise

unhealthy foods:

above 7 years: restrictive guiding and rule-making (mixed results)
under 6 years: verbal praise

Bronfenbrenner's ecological system model

classifies the child's environment and people around them that influence them into

microsystem: child itself
mesosystem: family, religious institution, school, peers, etc
exosystem: extended family, friends of family, neighbours, media, legal services, etc
macrosystem: culture, social class, law, etc

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nutrition behavior

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Learning goals

5 important questions on Learning goals

Recognize and explain the development of the 5 basic tastes: sweet, bitter, sour, salt and umami in children.

What are 3 mechanisms through which children learn to like certain tastes?

Describe and understand when the effect of exposure begins (in utero and through the milk), and explain how this prepares baby for the taste pattern in their lives, understanding the early emergence and stability of food preferences.

Explain how food preferences are formed, learned and how certain preferences develop during childhood.

Describe parental influence on intake of (un)healthy food and understand Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological system model and how it affects the complexity of child eating behavior environment.

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