Cephalic phase responses and nutrition
7 important questions on Cephalic phase responses and nutrition
What is the cephalic phase?
What is its goal?
How is it mediated?
What is its effect?
How did this cephalic response develop?
The cephalic phase are several physiological responses to sensory signals, or even the mere thought of food (Pavlov, 1904 Nobel price)
Its goal is to prepare gastro-intestinal system for the inflow of nutrients: this inflow is a disturbance of the physiological balance
It is neurally mediated: nutritional neuroscience!!
Cephalic phase responses (CPR's) appear to affect post-ingestive digestion, and have also big effects on satiety and food intake: highly relevant for nutrition and health.
It is an predominantly learned response, based on learned associations between sensory signals and metabolic consequences
Which components affect your nutrition pattern?
Metabolic processes, learning and sensory processes
Where does the cephalic phase refer to?
The cephalic phase of nutrition refers to a set of food-intake associated autonomic and endocrine response to the stimulation of the sensory systems mainly located in the oropharyngeal activity.
The responses to sensory cues, such as the taste, texture and sight of food include a cascade of pre-absorptive physiological responses, which are collectively referred to as cephalic phase responses
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What are the responses of the body in the oral cavity, stomach and pancreas?
Oral cavity: saliva! Lubricates and protects oral mucosa, dissolves food particles/tastants (taste buds!), starts with digestion of starch (amylase) and fat (lipase)
Stomach: HCl, enzymes >> breakdown of foods, macronutrients + ghrelin: stimulate appetite
Pancreas: insulin for glucose homeostasis, pancreatic polypeptide, digestive enzymes, breakdown of protein, fats and carbohydrates
What are the stimulus properties?
Type of sense stimulated (thought, olfaction, vision or taste)
Palatability, deprivation
Taste: sweet, sour, salt, bitter, umami
Macronutrient content (CHO, fat,pro,alcohol)
Sweetener type sugar or artificial sweeteners
Texture, duration of stimulation
What is the dilemma with artificial sweeteners?
They disrupt connection between sweetness and energy, disruption of appetite regulation??
Paradoxical effect of an intense sweetener (aspartame) on pleasantness sucrose
What is the effect of cephalic phase response on homeostasis?
Effects on glucose / insulin response
Effects of oral fat taste on post-prandial lipo-protein profiles
Effects of sham feeding on ghrelin
Effects of tasting wine on free fatty acids
Effects of oral soup versus gastric soup on stomach emptying
Effect of bitter taste on stomach emptying
Effects of expectations on ghrelin levels
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