Nutritional energy and the role of ATP

6 important questions on Nutritional energy and the role of ATP

What is meant with immaterial and material output?

Immaterial output is for the maintenance of the body -> waste
Material output is for growing/producing of the body -> product.

Explain the breakdown of energy from gross energy to net energy.

The gross energy is the energy from food in kJ/gram. The GE has losses in the faeces. What remains is the digestible energy (DE). The DE has losses in urine and gass. The metabolisable energy (ME) can be used for storage of production of energy and produces heat. The ME is what is shown at a food lable. What is left now is the net energy. This is ATP what can be used for maintenance, production or physical activity.

What is the percentage of faecal loss of digestion in humans for carbohydrates, fats and protein?

Respectively 2, 4 and 7%. Protein has also urinary losses (5,2 kJ/gram)
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What is the metabolisable energy in kJ and kcal of carbohydrates, fats and protein?

17, 38 and 17 respectively in kJ/grams and 4, 9 and 4 in kcals/gram.

What is amylose and what is cellulose?

Amylose is starch we can digest and gives 17,4 kJ per gram.
Cellulose is starch we cannot digest.

How much percent of the energy of glucose are humans able to trap into ATP?

35%. The rest is being released as heat and it also prevents you from accumulation of energy storage what will make you gain weight what is rather inefficient.

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