Anticipation to a meal

8 important questions on Anticipation to a meal

True of false? Once the food bolus comes into the duodenum, the gall bladder and pancreas relaxe to release enzymes via the sphincter of Oddi, which contracts to release the enzymes.

False. The gall bladder and pancreas contracts and the sphincter relaxes.

Explain what happens in the stomach in the cephalic phase for the digestion of protein

The DVC activates the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) that triggers pepsinogen and gastric acid (HCl) secretion. Pepsinogen becomes the active enzym pepsin through the presence of HCl. Pepsin cleaves pepsinogen partly and thereby releasing more pepsin (accumulation). Pepsin digests protein into oligopeptides. G-cells sense this oligopeptides and react upon this sensing by activating the Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP). This peptide activates the release of Ach and HCl again. This process starts neuronal via the DVC and than the hormonal pathway takes it over.

What does saliva consist of and what are the functions of these substances?

  • Muccins -> lubrication
  • Amylase -> digestion of starch
  • Lipase -> digestion of fat
  • Lysozome -> antibacterial
  • IgA -> immune protection
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Which three parts does the stomach have and what is their function?

  1. (LES and) Cardia -> prevention of reflux, entry of food and regulation of belching.
  2. Body and Fundus -> reservoir and tonic force during emptying
  3. Antrum and Pylorus -> mixing, grinding, sieving and regulation of emptying.

Pepsin is an endopeptidase. What is an endopeptidase and what is an exopeptidase?

An endopeptidase only cuts protein bonds inbetween the protease. An exopeptidase cuts the first and last bonds of the protease.

What is the only way in the regulation of gastric secretion to inhibit gastric acid secretion and how does it work?

Feedback via somatostatin is the only way in the regulation of gastric secretion to inhibit gastric acid secretion. This happens via D-cells; they sense protons in the lumen of the stomach. High level of protons, means a low pH. Upon activating by a really low pH, they release somatostatin, which inhibits the G-cells in the gastrin release.

The start of digestion in the intestines is the digestive phase. Particles smaller than 2mm enter the small intestine. This is energy-driven. What does this mean?

It means that it releases the food volume by means of energy density; ca. 8,5 kJ per minute. That is why high fat meals stay longer in the stomach.

Why does the duodenal content initiate signals that delay gastric emptying?

Duodenal contents initiate signals that delay gastric emptying in order not to overload the small intestine with nutritional compound.

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