NP17 Protein turnover and adaptation
17 important questions on NP17 Protein turnover and adaptation
What is the nitrogen balance?
total protein = 6.25 Nurine
INTAKE =EXCRETION
- N balance or equilibrium
- normal state in an adult
- no change in body protein content
What happens with the nitrogen balance, when:
- Intake > excretion
- Intake < excretion
- Intake > excretion
- positive N balance
- increase in body protein content
- normal state in growth, pregnancy and recovery form loss
- Intake < excretion
- negative N balance
- decrease in body protein content
- never normal; indicates illness, trauma or inadequate intake
Protein turnover and growth.
What does a steady state looks like and a deposition?
deposition --> the breakdown is lower than the synthesis
degradation level ....->
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What does the following mean:
Production animals: low turnover - high growth
- Reduced functional quality of body proteins
- Poor support for health and functional adaptability
- High net protein deposition rate
- Low life expectancy
What are the regulatory aspects?
- Differences between synthesis and degradation are normally under hormonal control
- Various hormones are involved and may have short or long term influences (e.g. Estradiol, cortisol)
- Artificial compounds are used as well
- Genetic selection
What is the influence of clenbuterol on protein metbolism?
Red is the growth
There is a net growth effect when clenbuterol is used. .....
Dynamic equilibrium: mechanisms involved in protein catabolism
- Lysosomal cathepsins
- broad range of specificities, complete hydrolysis of: ...
- Calpain-calstatin sytem
- celpain is a calcium-activated cysteine protease
- Ubiquitin-proteasome ATP-dependent system
- ubiquitin
- proteasome
Protein deposition
- How much energy is (at least) required to deposit 1 gram of protein in the body?
- how much energy is in the deposited protein?
- how much energy is needed for deposition
- What is the (max) energetic efficiency for the deposition of protein?
- how much energy is in the deposited protein?
- how much energy is needed for deposition
- Energy content of protein: 23.6 kJ/gram (GE); Costs for synthesis: 4 kJ/gram
- --> energetic efficiency = 23.6 / (23.6 + 4) = 0.85 = 85%
Why do we need dietary requirements for protein synthesis?
- Rene
wal of body proteins (A --> A)
- Maintenance of functional properties
- food, to compensate 20% losses
- Interconversion of body proteins (A--> B)
- Adaptation of functional properties
- food, to compensate > 20% losses
- Increase of body proteins (A --> A+)
- Net production of functional properties
- All from food, no option for re-utilization
Maintenance, adaptation, net deposition for protein synthesis, what is needed?
- unavoidable losses
- unavoidable losses + extra losses/needs
- unavoidable losses + extra losses/needs
ratio deposition : maintenance = 5:1
Protein requirement
- What is the metabolic basis for the protein requirement (=aa) of the body?
- Consider different physiological conditions
Protein synthesis and turnover
- Why is the dietary requirement for protein synthesis related to maintenance supposed to be lower then for synthesis related to adaptation?
- What about net protein deposition?
Some amino acids cannot be incorporated in new protein(s), so other amino acids are needed from diet.
Deposition needs more amino acids
Substrate cycling
- What do you consider as substrate cycling in protein metabolism?
- What are advantages and disadvantages of substrate cycling in protein metabolism?
Protein turnover
aa --> protein [atp is needed]
protein --> aa [no atp is needed or generated]
+ increase protein synthesis and degradation --> more heat production [functional proteins]
- you need more amino acids, it costs lots of energy [(relative high) energy costs]
Protein synthesis
- Make clear that daily protein synthesis in the body can exceed the daily protein intake
daily protein intake is 70
Protein synthesis
- What are the energetic costs for protein synthesis?
- Are these costs part of the GE (23.6 kJ/g)?
No, they are not part of GE
Synthesis: 5 ATP / mol aa (transcription & translation) ± 4 kJ/gram protein
Amino acid oxidation
- Need for energy
- Removal of excessive amino acids
- Protein turnover
- Basal activity of enzymes
Protein turnover
- Is the level to counterbalance loss of biological activity always the same as the level required for the rate of half-life?
- Half life is considered as availability of protein within body
- Give an example
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
