Summary: Oncology
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Read the summary and the most important questions on Oncology
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1. Chapter 1
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From which tissue does a carcinoma arise?
Epithelia -
What does the term incidence mean? How is it normally expressed?
The incidence is the number of new cases (so newly diagnosed) that is registered within a certain period (mostly one year).
Mostly expressed as the number of new cases per 100.000 inhabitants / persons each year. -
From which tissue does an adenocarcinoma arise?
Glandular tissues -
From which tissue does a sarcoma arise?
Mesodermal tissues (e.g. Bone, muscle) -
From which tissue does a lymphoma arise?
(Progenitors of) white blood cells -
What is the difference between a cytotoxic and cytostatic effect?
Cytotoxic: prevention of cell division
Cytostatic: killing of cells -
What are the three phases of clinical trials?
Phase I: assessment of safety of a limited number of patients. Also, assessment of pharmacokinetics and metabolism.
Phase II: assessment of efficacy at a safe dose
Phase III: extensive trials. Assessment of added value. Comparison with current standard treatment. -
2. Chapter 2 (1)
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Cancer can result from (epi)genetic alterations in human cancer genes. How?
1. Stability genes are inactivated
2. Oncogenes are activated
3. Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated -
How can ROS cause cancer?
ROS can result in 8-oxoguanine. DNA polymerase reads this as a thymine instead of a guanine. -
What is the DNA repair mechanism for bulky adducts?
Nucleotide excision repair
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