Summary: Online Epidemiology And Statistics Course
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1 Epidemiology: an introduction
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1.1 What is Epidemiology
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Vanaf hier Greg Martin's Youtube video uitleg: What does epidemiology revolve around?
Measuring 2 things: distribution & causation -
What does distibution of exposures entail?
Anything that can cause or prevent disease and immunity. E.g environmental hazards or social determinants of health -
What does causation as the second issue of epidemiology entail?
Is the extent to which the exposures do or don't translate into changes in outcomes/health status of people in a population.
Is important becauseconfounders ,bias etc can explain acorrelation between 2variables that do notneccesarily indicate acausation between thevariables . -
So in conclusion, what is epidemiology?
The science that considers thedemograhpic ,geographic and temporaldistribution ofexposures andoutcomes and thecausative relationship between them. -
1.2 Why Epidemiology
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What does a classical epidemiological investigation consist of?
- identifying a rare occurrence of a disease (or an unexpected increase in the occurrence of a more common disease)
- obtaining detailed information from those affected
- trying to establish a common link that points towards a common exposure
- designing appropriate studies to investigate further
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What can epidemiological investigations be about?
They go beyond "classical" infectious diseases. You can also think of non-infectious diseases (e.g. hypertension, obesity), or of injuries. And other types of exposure like environmental factors or the health risks posed by natural disasters. -
Are epidemiology and public health closely related?
Yes ,epidemiology and public health areclosely related. You can say thatepidemiology provides the toolbox toconduct scientific studies into theoccurrence anddeterminants of health states (more than justdisease ) and theirrelationship , while public healthapplies thefindings andinsights from thisscientific endeavor to manage and control health problems within apopulation . -
1.3 Study Design
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Which requirements do epidemiological study designs fulfill?
To measuring the occurrence of health events in a population, a strategy is needed in which- these events can be measured adequately
- researchers have access to the population of interest
- the obtained information provides a good estimation of the determinant-outcome relationship
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1.4 Measures of frequency
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What is the core concept of epidemiology?
To count cases. In other words, we need to establish/demonstrate the number ofevents occurring in thepopulation of interest. -
Where are measures or frequency used?
Measures orfrequency are used indescriptive epidemiology. Although this part ofepidemiology does not focus onhypothesis testing , it provides a powerful tool insummarising available data that can form thebasis forformulating hypotheses .
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