Summary: Organic Chemistry Ii | Teris van Beek
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1 Preview Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones
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Which suffix is used for aldehydes?
-al
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How are aldehydes called in which the CHO group is directly bound to an ring?
carbaldehydes
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How is a R-C=O group called?
acyl group
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How can aldehydes be synthesized?
oxidation of primary alcohols
oxidative cleavage of alkenes with vinylic nitrogen using ozone
certain carboxylic acid derivates can be partially reduced to aldehydes
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How can ketones be synthesized?
oxidation of secondary alcohols
oxidative cleavage of alkenes with disubstituted unsaturated carbon atom using ozone
Friedel-Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3
hydration of terminal alkynes in presence of Hg2+ catalyst
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Why can aldehydes be oxidated, but ketones not?
aldehydes have a -CHO proton that can be abstracted
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Which katalyst is mainly used for aldehyde-oxidation to yield carboxylic acids?
CrO3 in acidic medium
if less stable compounds are used, Tollens' reagent ( Ag2O in aqueous ) is a more common choice
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Which intermediates are formed during aldehyde oxidation?
1,1-diols (or hydrates) with two OH groups at the C
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How may ketones be oxidised?
very slowly with KMnO4, where the C-C bond next to the carbonyl group is broken, yielding carboxylic acids
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How does the nucleophilic addition of aldehydes or ketones take place?
A nucleophil approaches the C
Rehybridization of the carbonyl from sp2 to sp3 occurs
An electron pair from the double bond adds to the O forming an alkoxide ion intermediate
Protonation from H3O+ gives an alkohol plus water
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